climate change impacts on agriculture and livestock

पशुमूत्र संकलन तथा उपयोग

पृष्ठभूमि

xl/t s|flGtsf] cfudg;Fu} s[lif If]qdf pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu w]/} dfqfdf cfofltt ;|f]tx?sf] k|of]usf] z'?cft ePsf] 5 . vfBfg pTkfbg a9fpgsf] nflu hyfefjL ?kdf /f;folgs dn, ljiffbL, ;'Id tTj, cflbsf] k|of]u x'g nfUof] . hg;+Vof a[l4;+u} s[lif sfo{ Joj;flos ?kdf j9\b} hfFbf oL cfofltt j:t'sf] k|of]udf lta|tf cfPsf] tyf /f]u / sL/fsf] k|sf]k klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . /f]u / sL/fn] dfq} s[lif afnLdf @% b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd pTkfbgdf x|f; NofpF5 . hg;+Vof j[l4, hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] jftfj/0f / s[lif pTkfbSjdf kf/]sf] gs/fTds k|efj, vfBfg ;+s6, o'jf ljb]z knfog h:tf ;d:ofx?n] s[lifIf]q clt g} k|efljt ePsf] 5 .

tL /f;folgs j:t'x?sf] k|of]un] s[lif pTkfbgdf t Ifl0fs j[l4 x'G5 t/ ljz]if u/]/ /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] dflg; / kz'j:t'sf] :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fdf eg] gsf/fTds c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . oL /f;folgs ljiffbL clgolGqt / hyfefjL ?kn]k|of]u ubf{ pTkGg x'g] ;d:of s[ifsx?n] klg ef]Ub} cfPsf 5 .  /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]unfO{ Go"lgs/0f ub}{ Pj+ /f]u sL/fsf]PsLs[t Joj:yfkgnfO{ klg ;Fu};Fu} nfg] qmddf h}ljs jf jfg:tLs ljiffbLsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] 5 . s]lx s[ifsx?n] /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] gsf/fTds c;/af/] 1fg e} ;s]sf]n] cfˆg} 3/jl/kl/ kfOg] ag:klt / Hf}ljs a:t'sf] k|of]u ul/ /f]u ls/f Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . olt dfq ge} xfd|f k"j{hx?n] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf k|ljlwx? klg /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg ug{ pko'St dflgPsf] 5 . oL tl/sfx?n] dfgj :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

csf]{ tkm{, ufO{j:t'sf] ux'Ft / uf]a/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg g x'Fbf nfvf}+ ?k}of a/fj/sf] af]6 lj?jfsf cfjZos tTjx? v]/ hfg] / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xof]u k'Øfpg] xl/t u[x UofF; pT;h{g a9fpg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ufO{j:t'sf] uf]a/ eGbf a9L zlQmzfnL lk;fanfO{ ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 .

kz'j:t'sf] lk;fasf] dxTjM

ufO{sf] ux'Ftdf ePsf] ljleGg /;fogx? -lqmof6Llgg, ;Nkm/, sfaf]{lns Pl;8, km]gf]n, s]xL nj0f, le6fdLg cflb_ df PlG6AofS6]l/on, PlG6km+un, PlG6efP/n, PlG6SofG;/, ef]s a9fpg Pj+ kfrg, /ut, lk;fa, k|hgg -of}g b'a{ntf_ ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ u'0fx? kfO{G5g\ . wfld{s ;fF:s[lts lx;fjn] klg uf]d'qsf] clt g} dxTJf /xs]f 5 .

g]kfndf s/La ufO{ e}+;Lsf] ;+Vof! s/f]8 @% nfv @% xhf/ $ ;o *% /x]sf] 5 - kz' ;]jf ljefu @)&$÷&%_.;fwf/0ftof Pp6f ufO{j:t' -#)) lsnf] jhgsf]_ ! lbgdf ;/b/ !*–@) nL6/ lk;fj u5{g t/ s[ifssf] 3/df ;fgf 7"nf u/L ;/b/ k|lt lbg $ ln6/sf b/n] cg'dfg u/]/ lx;fa ubf{ klg g]kfndf %) xhf/ d]=6g lk;fa lgl:sG5 . . lk;fadf ;/b/ !–@ k|ltzt gfO6f«]hg kfOG5 . t/ cf};tdf !=% k|ltzt dfq dfg]/ lx;fa ubf{ klg df]6fdf]6L &% xhf/ d]= 6g eGbf a9L gfO6«f]hg cyf{t ! nfv ^) xhf/ d]=6g  a/fa/sf] o'l/of  x'g cfpF5 .

dnsf] l:yltM

kz'd'q ;+sng Pj+ ;b'kof]usf] cefjdfd'qdf kfO{g] lj?jfnfO{ rflxg] gfO6«f]hg gf]S;fg e}/x]sf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ afnL la?jfnfO{ rflxg] vfBtTjx¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L gfO6«f]hg tTj aflx/af6 aif]{gL cfoft ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . /f;folgs dn xfn;Dd g]kfndf aGg g;s]sfn] ljb]zaf6 cfoft ug{' kg]{, cGo tTjx¿ h:tf] of] l:y/ eP/ /xg g;Sg] cj:yfdf afnLlj?jfnfO{ rflxg] gfO6«f]hg k"lt{sf nflu o'l/of/ 8L=P=kL= aflx/af6 cfoft ug{ ;/sf/ tyf ls;fgx?nfO{ wf}­­–wf} k/]sf] 5 .@)&#÷@)&$ df g]kfndf @)&#÷@)&$ df ! nfv !^ xhf/ ^ ;o #@ d]= 6g o"l/of k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] / o; cf=j=@)&%÷@)&^df ! nfv d]=6g -$^,))) d]=6g gfO6«f]hg_ cfoft ul/g] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

t/ w]/}h;f] ufO{ e}+;Lsf] d'qaf6  kfOg] gfO6«f]hgdWo] *)–()Ü To;} p8]/ v]/ uPsf] 5 . ufO{ e}+;Lsf] ux'FtnfO{  ;s+ng / k|of]u ug{ ;s]df o;af6 k|fKt x'g] gfO6«f]hg ljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/Psf] o'l/ofsf] t'ngfdf ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . To;}n] /f;folgs dnsf] c;Gt'lnt k|of]uaf6 dfgj tyf jftfj/0fdf x'g] gsf/fTds c;/af6 aRg  kz'd'qdf ePsf] gfO6«f]hg arfpg / ;b'kof]u ug{df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . ctM ufO{j:t'sf] ux'FtnfO{ ;d'lrt ;+sng tyf k|of]uaf6 :j:Yo afnLgfnL pTkfbgdf a[l4 tyf jftfj/0f hf]ufpgdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

kz'd'qsf] ;+sng tyf k|of]uaf6 kmfO{bfM

s_ o'/Lof dndf kfOg] gfO6«f]hg tyf Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f;df kfOg] kf]6f;  ;lhn} kl/k"lt{ u/L 7"nf] /sd lab]lzgaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg],

v_ kz'd'qaf6 jfg:klts ljiffbL agfP/ afnLgfnLsf] /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg tyf ;'IdtTjsf] k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]

u_ /f;folgs dn tyf ljiffbLsf] dfqf 36fO{ pTkfbg nfut 36fpg ;lsg],

3_ ufO{j:t'sf] esf/f] ;kmf eO{ /f]uJoflw sd x'g] / b"wsf] pTkfbg a9g],

ª_ afnLlj?jfdf k|of]u ubf{ lk;fa;+u} l;+rfO{ klg x'g]

r_ uf]a/ UofF;df k|of]u ubf{ ldy]g Uof; a9L pTkfbg x'g],

5_ uf]7]dnsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg ;lsg] .

kz'd'q / o"/Lofsf] t'NgfTds lx;fjM

g]kfndf dWod ls;fg kl/jf/df ;/b/ %–^ j6f -jo:s / aRrf_ ufO{j:t'sf] lx;fj ubf{, pQm ufO{j:t'af6 k|lt lbg ;/b/ @) nL6/ / k|lt dlxgf ^)) nL6/ k|fKt x'G5 / pQm kz'd'qaf6 k|lt lbg #)) u|fd / k|lt dlxgf ( lsnf] gfO6«f]hg h'g k|lt dlxgf nueu @) lsnf] o"/Lofsf] a/fj/ x'G5 . o;/L lx;fj ubf{ !=%lsnf] gfO6«f]hg !)) nL6/ lk;fjaf6 kfO{G5 /! lsnf] o'l/ofdf $^ k|ltzt gfO6«f]hg kfO{G5 eg], ! lsnf] o'l/ofsf] nflu #! ln6/ lk;fa hDdf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . cj ;fwf/0ftof 8]9 s7f jf ! /f]kgL t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ s[ifsnfO{ !!=% lsnf] o'l/of cfjZos kb{5 eg] pQm s[ifs kl/jf/nfO{ #%& nL6/ kz'd"q ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] o'l/of k"lt{ ug{ k|lt s[ifs ! ufO{j:t' kfNg]n] !%@ lbg -%dlxgf_ / % kfNg]n] hDdf !& lbgdf k"lt{ ug]{ x'G5 .

o:t} ! af]/f o'/Lofsf] nflu !,%## nL6/ lk;fj hDdf ug{ % j6f ufO{j:t' kfNg] s[ifsnfO{ @=% dlxgf nfUg] x'G5 . pQm s[ifsn]  c? tTjx? afx]s ;/b/ @=% dlxgfdf k||lt af]/f ?= !,@)) sf b/n] o'/Lofaf6 arfpbf k|lt jif{ % af]/f o'/Lof a/fj/ gfO6«f]hg kfpFbf jif{df ?= ^xhf/ ;Dd arfpg ;lsG5 .

ufO{j:t'sf] lk;fa ;+sng tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ t/LsfM

ufO{j:t'sf] lk;fjnfO{ cfkm\gf] j/k/ /x]sf] ;|f]t ;fwg tyf Ifdtf cg';f/ lgDg t/Lsfn] d"Nojfg lk;fj ;+sng tyf ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

·         esf/f]sf] e"O{+nfO{ l;d]G6åf/f kSsL agfO{ d"q ;+sng 6\of+sL agfP/,

·         kfOkaf6 Knfli6s 6\of+sLdf hDdf u/]/,

·         uf]7leq ;fgf] vfN6f] agfP/,

·         uf]7df afSnf] ;f]:g] ;f]t/ k|of]u u/L d'qsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ .

ufO{j:t'sf] ux't k|of]u ug]{ t/LsfM

/f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg tyf lj?jfnfO{ kf]ifstTj k"lt{sf] nflu ls;fgx?n] k|of]u ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] lttf], lk/f], cldnf], 6/f] jg:kltx? -gLd,asfO{gf], c;'/f], ltt]kftL, cfFv, x/f], a/f], n;'g, Kofh, v';f{gL, cflb_ lk;fjdf ld;fO{ jfg:klts ljiffbLM lutLdn, lrof dn, cflb :yflgo tl/sfaf6 agfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof !% lbg cjlw k'u]sf kz'd'q lj?jfsf] cj:yf x]l/ ! efu d'qdf  $ efu, ^ efu / * efukfgL ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ uf]a/Uof;df, yf]kf l;+rfO{df, :k|Lª\n/df klgk|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

uf]7sf] kSsL e"OF tyf lk;fj 6+sL agfpg nfut vr{M

kfFrj6f ufO{j:t'sf] nflu kSsL e"OFsf] vr{ cf+s8f ug]{ xf] eg] l;d]G6 # af]/f ?=#,))), afn'jf ( af]/f?= $%), lu§L  !* af]/f ?= !,@%), 9'+uf  @% 6f]s/L ?= !,%)),ld:qL vr{ ?= @,))) / >lds -$ hgf_ vr{{ ?= @,))) ubf{ hDdf nfut ?=!),@)) df tof/ x'Fbf !) jif{ cfo' x'g] . To:t} lk;fj ;+sng ug{sf nflu Knfli6s kfOk @–# dL= ?=@)), Knfli6s 6\of+sL !)) ln6/ ?=!)))jf kSsL 6\of+sL -!X!X!ld=_ ?=!,))) u/L ?=@,@)) vr{ x'bfF s'n nfut ?=!@,$)) df uf]7sf] kSsL e"O{ agfpg ;lsG5 . of] vr{ !) af]/f o'/Lof a/fa/sf] x'g cfpF5 / h'g @ jif{sf] lk;fj hDdfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

ctM g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf] gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ u/LjL Go'gLs/0f, vfB ;'/Iff / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu s[lifIf]qnfO{ lbuf] agfpg clt g} cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . ca ;a} txaf6 lbuf] s[lifsf] nflu dfgj kz':jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{sf ;fy} b]zsf] 7"nf] /sd lab]lzgaf6 /f]Sg kz'd'qsf] ;d'lrt ;+sng tyf ;b'kof]udf Wofg hfg' h?/L b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ljz]if lsl;dsf] sfo{qmd ækz'd'qsf] plrt :ofxf/M lbuf] s[lifsf] d"n cfwf/æ gf/f agfO{ a[xt ?kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf ;+3Lo ;/sf/ tyf cGo bft[ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf ;+rfng ug'{ clt g} cfjZos b]lvG5 .

बोर बाख्रा व्यवस्थापन प्रविधि

Aff]/ afv|f t/fO{ kxf8sf] pkxf/

Kfl/roM

af]/ afv|fdf;'sf]nflukflng] afv|fsf] gZnx?dWo] Ps cltpQdhftxf] . vf;u/L blIf0f clk|msf, ci6«]lnof / cd]l/sfdfo;sf] pTkfbgJofksePsf] kfO{G5 .c? gZnsf] t'ngfdfo;sf] kf7fkf7Lsf] hGdtf}n al9x'g'sf;fy} l56f] a95 /ao:safv|fsf] tf}nklg a9L x'G5 . df;'dfaf];f] / sf]n]:6]/f]nsf] dfqfsdx'g] x'bfF :jf:Yosf] nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 . To;}n] o; hftsf] z'4 af]sf / hGd]sf] jLo{ NofP/ afv|f cg';+wfg s]Gb|tyfljleGg kl/of]hgfx?n] ljut s]xLjif{b]lv :yfgLoafv|fsf] gZn ;'wf/ ug{ s[lqdtyfk|fs[ltsuef{wfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .

lrq g+= !M slknj:t'sf] rgO{sf] af]/ af]sf

dxTjM

afv|fsfgZnx? dWo] af]/ l56f] a9g], Ps b]lv # a6f;Dd kf7fkf7L hGdfpg]tyf a9L tf}n ePsf] gZnxf] . o;sf] Jo:saf]sfsf] tf}n !!) b]lv !#% lsnf];Dd / dfpsf] tf}n () b]lv !))lsnf];Dd x'G5 . sl;nf] hLp, pQdzf/Ll/s a[l4b/ tyf /fd|f] df;' nfUg] afv|fxf] . udL{ ;x\g ;Sg] ;'Vvf If]qdfklg /fd|f];Fu kfNg ;lsg] tyf w]/} lsl;dsf 3fF;x? vfg] gZnxf] . o; gZndfcGoljb]zaf6 cfPsfgZnx?sf] t'ngfdfsd /f]u nfUg] ub{5 . t/fO{ dw]z tyfdWo kxf8;Dd /fd|f];Fu kfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfjfkfgLM

g]kfndfePsf] cg';+wfgcg';f/af]/ gZnsf] qm; afv|f ;d'b| ;txb]lv !@)) ld6/sf] prfO{;Dd -kxf8L If]qdf blIf0f df]x8fdf_ ;kmntfk"j{s kfNg ;lsG5 .

af]/ afv|fsf] hftLoljz]iftfx?M

af]/ afv|fsf] z/L/sf] /+Ë ;]tf] jfs'g} s'g}df k'/f v}/f] x'g] tyf 6fpsf]df v}/f] x'g], sfgsf] nDafO{ / rf}8fO{ a9L x'g], s8f jfbx|f] vfnsftyfljleGgjftfj/0fLo tgfjdfkfNg ;lsg], zfGt :jefjsf, k|hgg\ Ifdtf /fd|f] Pj+ l56f] a9\g], dfpx?sf] b"wsf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] ePsf]n] kf7fkf7Lx?nfO{ /fd|/L x'sf{pg], tyfahg () b]lv !#% lsnf];Dd x'G5 .

pTkfbsTjM

:yfgLo v/L afv|fh:t} u/L kfNbfxfn;Ddsf] cg';+wfgaf6 af]/ gZnsf] qm; kf7fkf7Lsf] hGdtf}n ;fnfvfnf @=@ lsnf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dfpsf] b"w 5'6fpFbfsf] avt ;/b/ !#=* lsnf] / 5}7f] dlxgf !&=*% lsnf] tf}n x'G5 . Ps jif{sf] kf7fsf] tf}n #% lsnf] / kf7Lsf] tf}n #@ lsnf];Dd k'u]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . k|ltlbgsf] a[l4 b/ z'?sf] $ dlxgfdf ()-!)) u|fd;Dd x'G5 eg] %-* dlxgf;Dd ^%-*) u|fd;Dd x'G5 . To;kl5 !@ dlxgf;Dd ()-!)) u|fd;Dd x'G5 . o; gZnnfO{ vf;u/L af/a/L, hd'gfkf/L hftx?;+u qm; u/fpFbfk|hhgIfdtf /fd|f] kfOPsf] 5 . hDdfJofPsfafv|fdWo] $)=%$ % Psj6f, %$=)%% n] h'DNofxf / %=$!% N]f ltDNxf kf7fkf7L kfO{Psf] kfO{G5 . o;gZnsf] qm; kf7Lx? !)b]lv !@ dlxgfePkl5 klxnf] k6s afnLhfg] u/]sf] / Ps a]t b]lv csf]{ a]tsf] cGt/ &-( dlxgfsf] x'G5 . af]sfsf] xsdfeg] !@ dlxgfk'u]kl5 k|hhgsf] nfluk|of]u ug{ pko"St x'G5 .lrq g++ @M l;/xfsf] rt/Ldf ltDNofxf kf7f kf7L

lrq g+= #M b'O{ lbgsf] af]/ afv|fsf] kf7f

Affv|fsf] vf]/ Jo:yfkgM

bfgf 3fF; vfg] 8'F8 tyf 6f6\gf] cnu–cnuePsf] / :jR5 xfjfPj+ k|sfz l5g{ ;Sg] u/L k"j{–klZrd km}lnPsf] x'g], af]sf, dfp, kf7fkf7L / la/fdLafv|fsf] nflucnu–cnuvf]/ jf sf]7f ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

7"nf] afv|fnfO{ ! ju{ ld6/ / ;fgf kf7fkf7LnfO{ )=# ju{ ld6/sf] b/n] If]qkmnk'Ug] x'g' kg]{, hdLgaf6 aLrsf] prfO{ #=* b]lv $ ld6/ / 5]p 5fpsf] prfO{ @=* b]lv # ld6/ ePsf] xg' kg]{, hdLgaf6 () ;]=dL= prfO{df sf7 jfafF;sf] sK6]/fx? k|of]u u/L !=@% ;]=dL=sf] km/s u/L 6fF8 agfPsf] x'g] , sf]7fx? 5'6\ofpg] af/ !@) ;]=dL= cUnf] ePsf] / Pp6f sf]7fdf @%b]lv #) afv|f c6g] u/L agfO{Psf] x'g' k5{ .

aw'jf k|0ffnLdf kflnPsfaf]/ afv|fnfO{ ljxfg / lbgsf ;dodf 3'Dg, 3fd tfKg / 3fF; vfgsf] nfluv'nf 7fpFsf] cfjZoStf kb{5 .o;sf] nflu !) afv|fsf] nflu @ ld6/ nDafO{ / !=% ld6/ rf}8f 7fpF x'g' kb{5 .

lrq g+=$M rgO{, slknj:t'dfaf]sfsf] nfluagfO{Psf] vf]/

3fF; tyfcfxf/f Joj:yfkgM

of] gZnsf] afv|fcGogZnsf] eGbf rfF8f] x's{g]ePsf]n] cfxf/f c? eGbf a9fP/ lbg' kb{5 . af]/ afv|fsf] nflusDtLdfzf/Ll/s tf}nsf] $ k|ltztsf b/n] ;'Vvfkbfy{ rflxG5 . of] gZnsf] afv|fsf] nfluhLjglgjf{x, zf/Ll/s a[l4, k|hgg / uef{j:yfsfnflu a9L kf]if0fsf] cfjZoStf kb{5 . 8fn] 3fF; tyfe"O{3fF; k'of{P/ ykdfqfdfcj:yfx]/L zf/Ll/stf}nsf] !=% b]lv @ k|ltzt;Dd !^ –!* k|ltztsRrfk|f]6Lg ePsf] k]n]6 bfgfpknAw u/fpg' kb{5 / ;fy} k|z:tdfqfdf ;kmf z'4 kfgLv'jfpg' kb{5 .

3fF; v'jfpgsf] nflutnlrqdfb]vfPh:t} afF; jf sf7sf] l;6fsf] 58s]kf/L 6f6\gf] agfP/ v'jfpFbf 3fF;kft v]/ hfb}+g .

lrq g+=%M 6f6\gf]df /fvL3fF; v'jfpg] t/Lsf

lrq g+=^M em'G8\ofP/ 3fF; v'jfpg] t/Lsf

/f]u / k/lhjLM

xfn;Ddsf] cg';+wfgn] af]/ qm; afv|fdf kf7fkf7Lsf] d[To" b/  cGoljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/Psf] hftx?sf] t'ngfdfsdkfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf o; hftsf] afv|f w]/} lr;f]df Tolt gkm:6ofpg]  b]lvPsf]n] a9L hf8f] / a9L kfgL kg]{ ;do 5n]/ Jofpg] u/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] kf7fkf7L d[To'b/nfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 . cGo /f]ux? / afx|otyfcfGtl/s k/lhjLsf] xsdfeg] c? ljb]zLhftsf] t'ngfdfo;dfsd} k|sf]k b]lvG5 .:jf:Yo /fd|f] x'gsfnfluk|fljlwssf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ PNa]G8fhf]n zf/Ll/s tf}n cg';f/ v'jfpg' kb{5 afXo k/hLljMplkofFlsgf{sf] nflu ;fOk/d]ly|g emf]nn] k|fljlws ;Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

cGoJoj:yfkgM

af]/ afv|faw'jf k|0ffnLaf6 kflng] ePsf]n] v'/ a9]/ v'§fdf 3fp x'g] / n8v8fpg] ePsf]n] x/]s dlxgfrSs'n] v'/ sf6\g' kb{5 .

af]sfsf] Joj:yfkgM

af]sfrNgyfn]sf] !* dlxgf ePkl5 xf8gftfdf k|hgg\ hf]ufO{ hftLo u'0f Ifo x'gaf6 hf]ufpg' kb{5 . o;sfnfluaf]sf Ps ufpFaf6 csf]{ ufpFdf;f6f;f6 ug'{ kb{5 jfaf]sf km]g'{ kb{5 . pd]/ k'u]sf] af]sf grn]df kf]if0ftTjsf] k"lt{ ug'{sf ;fy} kz' lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxdf of}gaw{s cf}ifwLx? Vf'jfpg' kb{5 .

Prepared & published by: Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture Project (GCP/NEP/070/LDF), FAO-Nepal

फलफूल सम्बन्धी जानकारी

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f v]tLkftL ug]{ tf}/tl/sfdf kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f] cGgafnL tyf aif]{afnLx?sf] v]tL ug{ cK7\of/f] x''g'sf ;fy} pTkfbg klg 36\b} uO{/x]sf] cj:yf xfd|f] ;fd' ljBdfg /xsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljleGg k|sf]ksf c;/nfO{ Go"g ug{ kmnkm"n v]tLdf cg's"ngsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ePsf] 5 .;+o"St /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g(FAO)cGtu{t s[lifdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng kl/of]hgf If]qsf nflu s]xL kmnkm"nsf] v]tLsf]k|fljlws hfgsf/Ltn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cfFk / lnrL v]tLsf] k|fljlws hfgsf/L

ljj/0f	cfFk(Mangifera indica L.)		lnrL (Litchi chinensis L.)
cfjZos hnjfo'	^)) dL= prfO{;Dd,@)-#%8Lu|L tfks|d /aflif{s aiff{ %))-@%)) dL=dL= ePsf] 7fpFdfpko'St x'g] .
hldgsf] 5gf}6	Hfldg d'gL ^-* kmL6eGbf ulx/f]df kfgLsf] ;tx ePsf], kfgLsf] lgsf; ePsf], ulx/f] bf]d6 dlnnf] df6f] tyf kL= Pr %=%-&=% ePsf] x'g] .
Hfftsf] 5gf}6	cd|kfnL, aDaO{, hbf{n'		rfO{gLh, zfxL
lj?jf k|lt s¶f	@)-@@ uf]6f-cd|kfnL_, !# -!% uf]6f - aDaO{, hbf{n'_		!#-!% uf]6f
nufpg] b"/L -lj?jf b]lv lj?jf / k+lQm b]lv k+lQm_	$x$ dL= -cd|kfnL_, *x*dL= -aDaO{, hbf{n'_		*x* dL=
Vff8n-nDafO{, rf}8fO{ / ulx/fO{_	()x()x();]=dL=		%)x%)x%);]=dL=
	DfflyNnf] cfwL df6f] uf]7]dn ld;fO{ a]gf{ /f]Kg'eGbf & lbg cuf8L vfN8f] k'g]{
/f]Kg] dlxgf	h]7,c;f/, sflt{s		h]7, c;f/, sflt{s
Dfnvfb -/f]kg] a]nfdf_	k|ltaf]6 Uf]f7]dn $-% lsnf], 8LPkL%)u|fd, o"/Lof @% u|fd, kf]6f; #) u|fd .		Uf]f7]dn #-% lsnf], 8LPkL%) u|fd, o"/Lof @% u|fd, kf]6f; #) u|fd .
Dfnvfb uf]8\g] a]nfdf sflt{s÷d+;L/-klxnf] k6s_ ciff9÷>fj0f-bf]>f] k6s_	k|ltaf]6 Uf]f7]dn %-!) lsnf], 8LPkL!)) u|fd, o"/Lof %) u|fd, kf]6f; %) u|fd .		Uf]f7]dn %-!) lsnf], 8LPkL!)) u|fd, o"/Lof %) u|fd, kf]6f; %) u|fd .
	Dfnvfb lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/ uf]nf] ljlwaf6 vg]/ uf]7]dn, /;folgs dn, lkgf ld;fP/ /fvL df6f]n] 5f]Kg] /l7Ss leHg] u/L l;+rfO ug'{ kb{5 .
l;+rfO{	/f]k]sf] #, $ lbg ;Dd lr:ofg x]/L kfgL xfNg], Rf}t,a};fvdf l;FrfO{ Dff};d / df6f] cg';f/, dn xfn] kl5 clgjfo{ ?kdfl;FrfO{ ug'{ kb{5 .
6]sf] lbg]	lj?jf /f]k] kl5 xfjfx'/Laf6 arfpg n7L glhs} uf8]/ ;'tnLn] k|To]s lj?jfnfO{afWg' kb{5 .
arfp tyf ;+/If0f	UffO{j:t'af6 arfpg afF;sf] 8f]n, 3]/f tyf le+ms|f cflbn] 3]g{‘'  kb{5 .
uf]8d]n	/f]k]sf] ! dlxgfkl5 pd|]sf] emf/nfO{ pv]Ng], df6f] v's'nf] agfpg' k5{ . tTkZrft kmfu'g / ;fpg ebf}df dn;Fu} uf]8d]n u/L l;FrfO ug'{ kb{5 .
cGt/afnLsf] 5gf}6	Dff;, d'+u, c/x/, cb'jf, a];f/afnLsf] b"/L ldnfP/ /f]Kg' kb{5 .
/f]uls/f Joj:yfkg	Aff]//, kmns'xfpg] cf}+;f, km8s], g]df6f]8nfO{ ;dodf k|fljlws;+u ;Nnfx lnO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .	Aff]//, g]df6f]8, dfO6 nfu]df k|fljlws;+u ;Nnfx lnO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .
kmn nfUg ;'?x'g] pd]/	$–%jif{	#–$jif{
ao:s x'g] pd]/	^–&jif{	^–&jif{
cf};t pTkfbg - k|lt s¶f_	#%)–%)) lsnf]	@%)–#)) lsnf]
pTkfbgzLn pd]/	#)–$) jif{	@%–#) jif{

sfutL / s]/f v]tLsf] k|fljlws hfgsf/L

ljj/0f	sfutL(Citrus aurantifolia)	s]/f(Musa paradisiaca)
cfjZos hnjfo'	t/fO{b]lv dWokxf8 %)) dL=sf] prfO{;Dd x'g], pi0f tyf ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgLdf, @)-$@ l8u|L tfks|d, *)) b]lv !@)) ld=dL=;Dd jflif{s aiff{ x'g] 7fpF .	t/fO{b]lv kxf8;Dd  !%)) ld=prfO{eGbf sddf, !*–@& l8u|L tfkqmddf, @)))–@%)) ld=ld= jflif{s jiff{ x'g] 7fpF pko'St x'g] .
hldgsf] 5gf}6	bf]d6 df6f], kfgL ghDg],kxf8df blIf0f df]x8f ePsf], lgsf;ePsf], df6f]sf] kL= Pr=%=%-^=%	bf]d6 dlnnf] df6f], sDtLdf # kmL6 ulx/f], kfgLsf] lgsf; ePsf], kL=Pr=^-&=%
Hfftsf] 5gf}6	;'g sfutL ! / ;'g sfutL @	emfkfnL dfnef]u, ljlnod xfOla|8
lj?jf k|lt s7f	@@–@% uf]6f	*)-*% uf]6f l6:o'sNr/ jf ufgf -;s/_
nufpg] b"/L -af]6 b]lv af]6 / k+lQm b]lv k+lQm_	$x$dL=	@x@ dL=
Vff8n vGg] / /f]Kg]	%)x %) x %);]=dL=o;/L /f]Kbf DfflyNnf] cfwL df6f] uf]7]dn ld;fO{ a]gf{ /f]Kg'eGbf & lbg cuf8L vfN8f]df df6f] /fd|/L k'g'{ kb{5 .  /f]Kbf df6f] /fd|f]';Fu lyRg' kb{5 .
/f]Kg] dlxgf	h]7, c;f/, c;f]h sflt{s
Dfnvfb -/f]kg] a]nf_ Uf]8d]n ubf{ d+;L/ ÷k'if -klxnf] k6s_ c;f/÷;fpg  -bf]>f] k6s_	k|ltaf]6Uf]f7]dn #-% lsnf], 8LPkL$)u|fd, o"/Lof @%u|fd, kf]6f; #) u|fd .	k|ltaf]6uf]7]dn #-% lsnf], 8LPkL%), o"/Lof @%, kf]6f; #) u|fd .
	k|ltaf]6uf]7]dn #-% lsnf], 8LPkL%)u|fd, o"/Lof #) u|fd, kf]6f; $) u|fd . Kfl5 k|lt ^ dlxgfdf 8LPkL %) u|fd, o'/Lof $) u|fd, kf]6f; $) u|fd .	k|ltaf]6Uf]f7]dn !)-@) lsnf], 8LPkL @)) u|fd, o"/Lof %) u|fd, kf]6f; %) u|fd .
	Dfnvfb uf]nfsf/ ljlwaf6 vg]/ uf]7]dn, /f;folgs dn, lkgf ld;fP/ rf/}lt/af6 /fvL df6f]n] 5f]Kg] clg 7LSs lehg] u/L l;+rfO ug'{ kb{5 .
l;+rfO{	/f]k]sf] #-$ lbg;Dd lr:ofg x]/L kfgL xfNg], t/ kfgL hDg lbg' xF'b}g . Rf}ta};fvdf l;FrfO{ Dff;zd / df6f] cg';f/, dn xfn] kl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf l;rfO{ ug'{ kb{5.
5fkf]	lr:ofg arfO{/fVgsf nflu lj?jfsf] rf/}tkm{ ;'s]sf] 3fF;kft jf Knfli6saf6 5fkf]lbg' k5{ .
6]sf lbg]	lj?jf /f]k] kl5 xfjfx'/Laf6 arfpg n7L glhs} uf8]/ k|To]s lj?jfnfO{ ;'tnLn] afWg' kb{5 . s]/f k;fpg yfn]kl5 afF; jf sf7sf] 6]sf tyf ;xf/f lbg' kb{5 . 6]sf lb+bf s]/fsf] af]6 htf 9Ns]sf] 5 pt}af6 lbg' kb{5 .
a'+uf sf6\g]	s]/fdf km"n km'n] kl5 kmn nfUgz'? x'G5 / a"Fufsf] clGtd efudf kmn g nfu]kl5sf] efunfO{ wfl/nf] xl;ofn] sf6\g' kb{5 .
arfp tyf ;+/If0f	UffO{j:t'af6 arfpg afF;sf] 8f]n, 3]/f tyf lems|f cflbn] afg'{  kb{5 . ;'s]sf xfFuf tyf kftx?nfO{ sfF65fF6 ug'{ kb{5 .
uf]8d]n	/f]k]sf] ! dlxgfkl5 pd|]sf] emf/nfO{ pv]Ng], df6f\] v's'nf] agfpg' k5{ . tt\kZrft kmfu'g /;fpg, ebf}df dn;Fu} uf]8d]n u/L l;FrfO ug'{ kb{5 .
cGt/ afnLsf] 5gf}6	sf]bf], tf]/L, c/x/, d;'/f], af]8L h:tf cGt/afnL b"/L ldnfP/ /f]Kg' kb{5 .	Afbfd,;v/v08, af]8L, l;dL,a];f/, cb'jf h:tf cGt/afnL b"/L ldnfP/ /f]Kg' kb{5 .
/f]u ls/f Joj:yfkg	Afu}rfsf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f, ;/;kmfO{, dnhnsf ;fy} SofÍs/, ;d:of b]lvPdf k|fljlws;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .	lsgf/sf ;/fx? sf6\g], lgoldt lg/LIf0f, ;/;kmfO{, dnhn, sldnf, 3'g, af]//, ufgf]sf] ujf/f], kft yf]Kn], cf]Olng], 6'Kkfdf kft em'Kk x'g]eP k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfxdf Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .
kmn nfUg ;'?x'g] pd]/	#–$ jif{	!% dlxgf
ao:s x'g] pd]/	% jif{	!* dlxgf
cf};t pTkfbg - k|lt s¶f_	%))–^))lsnf]	())–!)))lsnf]
pTkfbgzLn pd]/	!)–!@ jif{	&–!) jif{