Genetic variability in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) S.B.Thakur,* J.N.Shah AND A.K.Pandey.

Genetic variability in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) S.B.Thakur,* J.N.Shah AND A.K.Pandey. ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Bihar, during late kharif season of 1999. The materials comprised the 24 genotypes including 3 checks and was sown in RCBD with 3 analysis were done by using standard methods to estimate the extend of genetic variability availability for self-compatibility, yield and its component traits vis-a vis to find out the character associated as well as path co-efficient. ANOVA revealed that the existence of variability among the existence of variability among the experimental materials for the studied characters on the basis of estimate of GCV, PCV and heritability coupled with genetic advance the governance of characters have been predicted as additive gene action for seed set per cent under autogamous condition, autogamous percent, seed yield per plant, hull per cent, 100 seed weight, plant height and seed set percent under open pollination condition whereas non additive gene action for oil content, days to 50 percent flowering , days to maturity and head diameter. The genotype DRSF-103 and GAU-SUF-54 are high yielding along with high self compatible , therefore , they may be utilize gainfully for developing promising elite self compatible composite, synthetics and hybrids of sunflower. 1. INTRODUCTION Sunflower (Helianthus annuus. L) is one of the most important oilseeds crops. Immense popularity of this crop is due to its short durability, photo- insensitivity and partial thermo-sensitivity and furthermore, the credibility of the crop is due to being promising and responsive plant architecture, higher adoptability, drought tolerance and high percentage of premium quality seed oil and high seed multiplication ratio. This crop requires vast genetic studies for substantial improvement in seed oil yield. Variation provides a basis to evolve high yielding strains with desirable character through selection program or by crossing. High percentage of empty and partially filled seeds i.e. poor seed set is one of the important constraints limiting productivity in sunflower. Seed set in sunflower is a complex phenomenon, arises due to sticky nature of the pollen and pollination is carried out by insect only i.e. honey bees. Hence the present study was undertaken to determine the genetic variability available for self compatibility, yield and its component traits among 24 genotypes of Sunflower. 2. MATERAL AND METHODS Twenty four genotypes (Table 1) were grown at Tirhut college of Agriculture, Dholi Farm of Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa India during Kharif 1999. The experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with the replications. The plot had fairly homogenous fertility and uniform topography with deep and well drained soil. Each plot consisted of 5 rows of 3 meters. The row to row and plant to plant distance was 60 and 30 cm respectively. Ten randomly picked plants were selected from each plot. Among them five were bagged by using bags of cloth and five were left for open pollination soon after the first ray florets opened in the captulum. The observations on plant height (cm.), Days to 50% flowering (days), Days to maturity (days), Head diameter (cm), Kernel setting percentage, Autogamy percentage, Kernel test weight (g), Kernel yield per plant (g), oil content (%) and Hull percentage were recorded in 5 random selected plant from each plots and mean value were utilized for biometrical analysis. Kernel setting percent and Autogamy % were calculated on the basis of following formula: (Robinson,1990) No . of filled kernels Kernel setting %=--------------------------X100 Total no of kernels Kernel setting % under bagged condition Autogamy%=---------------------------------------------------------------X100 Kernel setting % under open pollination condition The co- efficient of variability were calculated by formula suggested by Burton; 1952 heritability in broad sense and genetic advance were worked out according to the procedure developed by Lush; 1949. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Highly significant variation among the varieties were observed for all the characters (Table 2). A wide range of variation was observed within the characters (Table3). Genetic co-efficient of variation (GCV) measures the range of genetic variation among the genotypes with in a particular character. Phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) were higher then the respective genotypic ones. The highest PCV was observed for autogamy percent (94.80), followed by kernel setting percent under autogamous condition (88.32), Kernel yield per plant 933.79), Kernel test weight (20.80),Head diameter (20.47), Hull percent (19.19), Plant height (17.07) and Kernel setting percent under open pollination condition(14.66)and the lowest for the Days to maturity , Oil content percent and Days to 50%flowering (4.58,8.58 and 9.16), respectively. Genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) were slightly lower than the corresponding Phenotypic ones because little effect of environment in the expression of characters. The highest GCV was observed for autogamy percent 94.18 and the lowest for days to maturity (4.16).GCV was observed in decreasing order from autogamy percent to kernel setting percent under autogamous condition (87.46), kernel yield per plant (32.39), kernel test weight (20.43), hull percent (19.11), head diameter (18.36), plant height (16.53), kernel setting percent under open pollination condition (14.12), oil content percent (8.570and days to 50 % flowering (8.54). Genotypic, Phenotypic and Error variance are shown in table 3. Phenotypic variance is a result of genotypic and environmental interaction. In general, environment had very little influence on the genotypes in the expression of characters as is evident from very low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic variances. High amount of heritability provides a basis for selection on phenotypic performance. The value of heritability was very high for all the characters (Table 3). Several characters showed high heritability but low genetic advance VIZ oil content percent. Hull percent and 100 kernel weight but moderate to high heritability followed by high genetic advance was associated with kernel setting percent under autogamous condition and under open pollination condition, kernel yield per plant and plant height . But days to 50% flowering and days to maturity had moderate heritability and genetic advance. High heritability and high genetic advance and low heritability and low genetic advance were observed for auto gamy percent and head diameter, respectively. All the characters expect auto gamy % can be developed through the hybridization followed by selection over several successive generations. Table 1: Mean performance of various traits among 24 genotypes of sunflower GENOTYPES Days to 50% flowering (days) Days to maturity (days) Plant ht. (cm) Head diameter (cm) 100 seed wt .(g) Seed set % (autogamous) Seed set % (open pollination) Autogamy% Hull % seed yld /plant (g) Oil content (%) GAU-SUF-22 57.00 102.33 122.43 14.27 6.06 5.30 92.16 5.76 21.22 37.93 47.54 DRSF-103 54.00 100.67 114.80 13.53 4.63 29.25 69.22 42.52 27.28 27.10 38.34 TNAU-SUF-242 60.67 104.00 106.87 13.60 6.76 8.00 78.24 10.22 26.30 23.71 39.95 GAU-SUF-15 © 59.00 104.00 107.90 11.87 7.36 17.81 75.61 23.56 20.46 22.73 40.28 TNAU-2 55.00 100.67 95.40 10.93 6.63 43.89 68.96 63.68 26.15 21.98 42.54 LSI-14-1 51.00 95.33 72.47 8.73 4.36 35.61 68.23 52.19 38.75 12.31 34.15 GAU-SUF-85 49.00 93.33 100.27 9.20 5.60 5.35 72.69 7.32 27.00 18.39 41.07 Morden © 41.00 90.00 65.73 8.40 3.83 50.78 78.82 66.18 31.27 15.66 43.14 DRSF-105 57.00 103.33 104.00 9.87 4.16 49.11 78.90 61.62 35.61 13.37 38.15 NSV-45 50.00 95.33 74.80 10.20 5.20 49.51 48.71 93.29 34.45 16.85 43.62 GAU-SUF-7 46.00 92.67 90.80 9.00 5.80 38.53 62.84 61.48 15.17 10.28 34.77 LS-988 44.67 92.00 75.87 7.93 3.60 58,62 65.24 89.95 37.45 7.68 40.83 GAU-SUF-54 53.67 99.33 117.15 13.73 6.00 43.46 83.04 44.39 23.33 29.25 38.60 EC-68414 (PEREDOVIC) 58.00 103.33 99.13 12.50 4.50 17.84 91.30 19.53 37.78 23.83 40.54 EC-376167 52.67 100.33 123.40 12.53 4.63 0.53 80.49 0.66 36.48 24.18 39.44 EC-376183 52.33 101.33 82.07 10.53 4.00 3.09 88.99 3.46 28.88 28.86 39.64 EC-376199 52.00 96.67 117.33 14.47 4.63 0.49 87.80 0.55 23.58 22.93 44.32 EC-390005 48.33 92.67 107.53 15.93 5.16 0.93 81.72 1.13 23.08 21.86 36.53 EC-394663 51.67 97.33 93.93 9.87 4.26 48.17 76.17 63.23 36.37 19.83 42.53 EC-68414 -S-1 53.33 97.67 122.33 13.53 6.20 2.02 82.85 2.51 26.35 33.83 39.32 EC-376234 -S1-1 53.67 103.33 111.93 11.87 5.00 34.39 70.59 48.15 29.86 23.95 33.54 CO-2 53.33 99.33 104.73 11.80 3.96 15.44 96.98 15.93 28.41 28.38 45.19 CO-3 54.33 101.00 110.20 13.13 6.16 1.29 82.51 1.56 26.39 28.78 39.50 CO-4 57.00 103.33 115.53 14.40 4.13 1.37 93.14 1.35 33.02 20.15 43.45 x 52.69 98.63 101.54 11.74 5.11 23.19 78.13 32.53 29.36 22.24 40.29 SEm+ 1.01 1.09 2.50 0.62 0.11 1.65 1.79 2.02 0.29 1.31 0.07 CD at5 % 2.87 3.10 7.11 1.75 0.31 4.70 5.11 5.77 0.83 3.75 0.21 CV% 11749.00 1.91 4.26 9.08 3.74 12.34 3.89 10.80 8.71 10.25 0.31 Table 2: Mean sum of square of various traits among the 24 genotypes of sunflower Character Mean sum of square F- value Replication DF=2 Genotype DF=23 Error DF=46 Days to 50% flowering (days) 5.09 63.9 3.06 20.82 Days to maturity (days) 31.4 54.25 3.56 15.23 Plant height (cm) 9.31 864.34 18.73 56.15 Head diameter (cm) 0.134 15.094 1.136 13.28 100 seed weight (g) 0.03 3.32 0.03 90.91 Seed set % (autogamous) 4.36 1242.34 8.2 115.5 Seed set % (open pollinations) 9.79 374.47 9.67 38.72 Autogamy% 0.14 28282.42 12.34 229.03 Hull % 0.41 94.78 0.25 375.25 seed yield /plant (g) 4.85 159.07 5.2 30.56 Oil content (%) 0.02 35.87 0.01 2271.4 Table 3: Genotypic variance, Phenotypic variance and Error variance e of various traits of sunflower Character Genotypic variance Phenotypic variance Error variance Days to 50% flowering (days) 20.28 23.34 3.06 Days to maturity (days) 16.89 20.46 3.56 Plant height (cm) 281.87 300.6 18.72 Head diameter (cm) 4.65 5.78 1.13 100 seed weight (g) 1.09 1.13 0.03 Seed set % (autogamous) 411.38 419.58 8.2 Seed set % (open pollinations) 121.59 131.27 9.67 Autogamy% 938.69 951.04 12.34 Hull % 31.5 31.76 0.25 seed yield /plant (g) 51.29 56.49 5.2 Oil content (%) 11.95 11.96 0.01 1. SUMMARY Twenty four genotypes of sunflower were grown to estimate the variation for 13 traits. A wide range of variation among genotypes was observed for all the characters. The PCV were found to be higher than corresponding genotypes ones for all the character. Both types of variation were highest for autogamy % and the lowest for days to maturity. High heritability values with high genetic advance were assumed for autogamy % and low heritability and low genetic advance were observed for head diameter. LITERATURE CITED 1. Burton G.W(1952) Quantitative inheritance in grasses .proc 6th internat. Grass land cong,1:277-83 2. Robison , R.G.(1980) Artifact auto gamy in sunflower ,crop,science20(6) 814-815. 3. Lush(1949) Heritability of quantitative traits in farm animals. Proc. 8th int.Cong. Genetics 1949 Heridos (Suppl.) 336-57