Monday, May 20, 2019

प्लाष्टिक घरमा तरकारी खेती प्रविधि


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जलवायु समानुकुलित बाख्राको खाेर सुधार प्रविधि


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vf]/sf] eF"O{If]q s8f, kfgLghDg]/ ;kmf ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] 9+uaf6lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf] nflu ;]d]G6, lul6af6 9nfg u/]/ jf O{6f 5kfP/ jf 9"Fuf 5kfP/jf lrD6ofO{nf] df6f]n]vf]/sf] e"O{lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .vf]/sf] e"FO{If]q lgdf{0f ubf{ lgsfztkm{ # k|ltztsf] le/fnf] agfP/kfO{ksf] dfWoodn] lk;fjhDdfx'g] vfN8f]dfk'of{pg' kb{5 .h:n] ubf{ e'O{ ;kmfx'g'sf ;fy} ldy]g Uof;sf] pT;h{g eO{b'u{Gwx'b}+g .
vf]/sf] 6f0flgdf{0f ljlwM

vf]/sf] 6fF8 agfpbfcfwf O{Grsf] km/sdf sf7sf] @ O{Gr rf}8fO{ / cfwf O{Gr df]6fO{sf] kmNofsjfafF;sf] ef6f agfO{ lsnfn] 7f]Sg' kb{5 . o:tf] 6fF8 agfO{ afv|fkfng u/]df slS;l8of]l;; tyflkmt] h\sf sdnfUg] ub{5 .;fy} !)–@) k|ltzt d[To"b/ 36]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . udL{sf] tgfj 36fP/ lhpFbf] jhg ^)–&) u|fd b]lv &*–*^ u|fdk|ltlbga9f]t/Lx'g ;Sb5 .
vf]/sf] 5fgf lgdf{0fM

5fgf alnof] l6sfpkfgLgr'lxg], tfkqmssf] s'rfnstyfcfsif{s x'g' kb{5 . 5fgfkfgLgyfldg] le/fnf] x'g' kb{5 . :yfg / df};d cg';f/ 5fgf !@ b]lv #% l8u|L;Dd le/fnf[]x'g ;Sb5 . 5fgf v/ tyf @%–@^u]hsf] jf )=#@Pd=Pd= hL= cfO{= h:tfsf]x'g' kb{5 .le/fnf] 5fgf ePsf] vf]/df cUnf] efult/ kvf{nsf] pFrfO{ ^b]lv ^=%lkm6 / an]gLlt/ % lkm6prfO{sf] kvf{n agfpg' kb{5 . udL{af6 arfpg ;se/ v/sf] 5fgf k|of]u ug\{ kb{5 cYjf h:tf kftfsf 5fgf eP dflyaf6 v/ !O{GrafSnf] u/L v/ cf]5\ofpg' kb{5 . a9L tfkqmdx'g] :yfgdfcw{;wgljlwcyf{t cfwfv'NnfcfwfaGb ljlwjf6 afv|fkfNg' kb{5 .
kvf{n If]q / e]lG6n]zgM

vf]/sf] kvf{n dha'tcyf{t alnof] x'g' kb{5 . 5]psf] kvf{ndf % lkm6;Dd sf7sf] kmNofsjfafF;sf] 6f6L nufP/ dflyafFsLefuxfjfcfjfudgsfnfuLhfnLjf ;fgf] ßofnnufpg' kb{5 .kvf{n agfpg ;d:ofeP h:tf kftfn] 3]/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . lrqdfb]vfPcg';f/ cUnf] kvf{nkl§ !=% lkm6sf] nDafO{ rf}8fO{sf] k"j{ blIf0f lt/ e]lG6n]zgsf] nfluemofnagfpg' kb{5 .pRr kxf8df afv|fsf] vf]/nfO{ cUnf] agfpg' x'b}+g .
hf8f]ofddflr;f]af6 arfpglrqdf b]vfP h:t} h\6sf]af]/f jf Knfli6sn] vf]/nfO{ /ftL 9fSg' kb{5 / lbgdf 3fd k/]sf] a]nfbf]af/]/ vf]Ng\ kb{5 .



vf]/sf] 9f]sfM

vf]/ agfpFbf % lkm6km/flsnf] / #=##lkm6 pFrfO{sf] 9f]sfagfpg' kb{5 . 9f]sf sf7 jfafF;sf] e/ofËx'g] lsl;dsf] dflyaGb ug]{ vfnsf] agfpg' kb{5 . 

3f;स em'G8\ofpg] ljlwM

vf]/ agfpFbfvf]/ leqaLrdf#=##ld6/ prfO{ ePsf] afF; jf sf7sf] n7Lsf] s|; u/L 3fF; /fVg] 6f6\gf] h:tf] agfP/ 3fF; /fvLv'jfpg' kb{5 jf :yfgLoa'g]sf] h'6 jf Knfli6ssf] 7'nf] KjfnePsf] hfnLdf /fvL 3fF; v'jfpg' kb{5 h;n] 3fF; v]/ guO{ a9L ;b'kof]u x'G5 .


kfgLsf] Joj:yfkgM

afv|fsf]nflu ;kmf, uGwgePsf], cf/;]lgsgePsf]kfgLv'jfpg' kb{5 .

dn /fVg] vf8nM

Ps Jfo:safv|f]af6k|ltjif{ !#* lsnf];Dda8sf}nfdnk|fKt x'G5 . a8sf}nfdfePsf] kf]ifstTjnfO{ arfpg, ldy]g UofF;sf] pT;h{g Go"g ug{tyfb'u{Gwcfpgglbgvf]/ eGbfcln 6f9f dn /fVg' kb{5 .!)lkm6nDafO{ #=##lkm6 rf}8fO{ / #=##lkm6ulx/fO{sf] vfN8f] agfpg' kb{5 .k|lt 3g ld6/ vfN8f]df &)) b]lv !))) lsnf];Dd c6fpF5 .cdf]lgoftyfldy]g UofF; pT;h{g x'gglbgxKtfsf] b'O{ k6s vf]/d"lgaf6 a8sf}nftyflk;fj ;kmf u/L vfN8f]df /fVg' kb{5 .
r'gf 5ls{g]M
afv|fdfnfUg] ljleGg /f]utyfsL/fnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ vf]/sf] 6fF8dfxKtfsf] Ps k6s r'g kfp8/ 5g'{ kb{5 .
References: (1) NARC, Improved Goat Keeping. 2009.  Pp 51, (2) ICAR, 2000 Pp 114. (3) FAO, 2010 Pp23-25. (4) (Ref.  Prashad, C.S. et al 201. Handbook of Animal Husbandry. Pub. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. Pp 335-336.



जलवायु समानुकुलित गोठसुधार प्रविधि

kl/roM g]kfndf w]/}h;f] s[ifsx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{g kz'kfngdf lge{/ /x]sf 5g\ . s[ifsx?n] ufO{e};Lx? b"w,dn tyf hf]Tgsfnflu kfNg] ub{5 . pGgt kz'kfngdf uf]7, gZn, cfxf/f / :jf:Yo dxTjk"0f{ rf/ vDafx? x'g . ufO{e};Lsf] uf]7df 3fd, jiff{, lr;f], 5fof, xfjf / k|sfzsf] ;d'lrt Jo:yfkg gePsf]n] ufO{j:t'nfO{ yk tgfj x'guO{ tLgsf] pTkfbg 36\g'sf ;fy} /f]uaf6 ;d]t u|l;t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ufO{j:t'x? k|foMv'Nnf 7fpFdf afFw]/ cJojl:yt t/Lsfn] kfngubf{ gZnsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ pTkfbg lng ;lsPsf] 5}g . ufOe}+;Lsf] uf]7 ;'wf/ u/L hnjfo' cg's'lnt uf]7 lgdf{0f clt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . lbuf] s[lif tyf plrt pTkfbg lngsf nflu ufO{j:t'sf] uf]7 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"lnt agfpg' kb{5 . o;/L ufOe}+;Lsf] uf]7 lgdf{0f ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0f x'g'sf ;fy} 3/ cfFug ;kmf eO{ jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/df ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 . o:tf k|ljlw t/fO{ dw]zdf k|rngdf a9L g/x]sf]n] ToxfFsf s[ifsx?nfO{ a9L kmfO{bf x'g] b]lvPsf]n] :yfgLo txsf of]hgfdf ;d]6]/ of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ /fi6«sf] ;d[l4df 6]jf k'of{pg] 5 .

dxTjM uf]7 cFWof/f], ;"o{sf] k|sfzg kg]{, lr;f] ePsf] cj:yfdf plkofF, h'd|f, tyf ;'n;'n] h:tf afx\o k/lhjLsf] cfqmd0f lta| x'g'sf ;fy} ;+qmfds /f]usf hLjf0f', ljiff0f' tyf 9';Lsf] a[l4ljsf; lta|eO{ ufO{j:t' lj/fdLeO{ /xG5 . uf]7 xfjf gv]Ng] aflkmnf], uf]a/ lk;fjn] b'u{lGwt / lr;f] ePdf Zjf; k|Zjf; ;+alGw /f]un] kz'j:t'x? lj/fdL kg]{ ub{5g\ . ;"o{sf] k|sfzn] /f]usf hLjf0f'x? gi6 x'g'sf ;fy} kz'sf] z/L/df ljleGGf k|sf/sf le6fldgx?sf] k|flKt x'G5 . uf]7;'wf/n] kz'j:t'sf] ;f]Q/, uf]a/ / d"q Joj:yfkg x'g] tyf 3fd, kfgL, lr;f], xfjfx'/L, jiff{, cl;gfsf] tgfjnfO{ 36fO{ df};dL tgfjn] x'ghfg] /f]udf sdL x'G5 . o;af6 3fF; tyf bfgfsf] pkef]udf a[l4 xg] / cfxf/fsf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\g] x'G5 . uf]7 ;'wf/af6 ufO{j:t'sf] uf]a/ tyf d"qsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg x'g] ePsf]n] xl/t u[x UofF; ldy]gsf] pT;h{gdf sdLeO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ;d]t sd ug]{]5 .
7fpFsf] 5gf}6M uf]7agfpg] 7fpF cf]efgf], pHofnf], ;dy/, kfgL ;lhn};Fu ;f]l;g] / aUg] tyf lgsf;sf] ;'ljwf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . sDtLdf lbgdf %–^ 306f ;"o{sf] k|sfz kg]{, hf]8;Fu xfjfgrNg] t/ xfjfsf] cfjfudg /fd|f] ePsf / cf/;]lgs d'St kfgL kfO{g] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
uf]7sf] nflu cfjZos If]qkmnM ;'wfl/Psf  ]uf]7sf] nflucfjZos nDafO{ rf}8fO{, 3fF;, bfgf / kfgLsf] nflu 8'F8sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
uf]7sf] cfjZose"O{sf] If]qkmn -ju{lkm6df_
kz'j:t'
Uff]7leqsf] efu
Uff]7sf] aflx/L v'Nnf efu
afR5f, afR5L, kf8f, kf8L -@ dlxgfeGbf sd_
#=##
^=^^
afR5f afR5L, kf8f, kf8L -@ b]lv ^ dlxgf_
^=^^
!#=##
afR5L, kf8L -^ b]lv !@ dlxgf_
^=^^
!%
ao:sufO{
!!=^^
@#=#)
ao:s e};L
!#=##
@^=^$
Uff]?, /fFuf
!!=^^
@#=#)

pk/f]St cg';f/ uf]7 lgdf{0f ubf{ k|lt ao:s ufO{sf] nflu *=## lkm6nDafO{ / $=^^ lkm6=rf}8fO{ tyf e}+;Lsf]nflu *=^^ lkm6 nDafO{ / %lkm6 rf}8fO{ rflxG5 . of] nDafO{sf] uf]7 agfpFbf kz'sf] dnd"q l7s gfnLdf uO{ kz'sf] ;'Tg] 7fpF ;kmf /xG5 . 7fpF 7"nf]ePdf kz'x? jl/kl/ 3'Dg] / ;'Tg] 7fpFdf dnd"q hDdf x'g ;S5 .
3fF; bfgf tyf kfgLsf] 8'F8sf] nflu cfjZos If]qM Kf|lt jo:s ufO{e+};Lsf] nflu bfgfsf] 8'F8 ^)–&% ;]=ld= nDafO{, $) ;]=ld= rf}8fO{ / $) ;]=ld= ulx/fO{ x'g' kb{5 . hdLg b]lv () ;]=ld=pFrfO{df 8'F8 agfpg' kb{5 h'g hu b]lv bfgfvfg] lelqefu %) ;]=ld=pFrfO{df lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . To:t} afR5f afR5L / kf8f kf8Lsf] nflu  $)–&% ;]=ld= nDafO{, $) ;]=ld= rf}8fO{ / #) ;]=ld= ulx/fO{sf] x'g' kb{5 .
lkpg] kfgLsf] 8'F8 bfgfsf] 8'F8 h:t} jo:s ufO{e+};Lsf] nflu8'F8 ^)–&% ;]=ld= nDafO{, $) ;]=ld= rf}8fO{ / $) ;]=ld= ulx/fO{sf] agfpg'  kb{5 . To:t} afR5f afR5L / kf8f kf8Lsf] nflu!) b]lv @) ;]=ld= nDafO{ ePsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .
;'wfl/Psf] Uff]7sf] gd"gf









@ ao:sufO{ e}+;L, afR5f afR5Lsf] nflu cfjZos If]q -lkm6df_
ljj/0f
Uff]7sf] gfk-lkm6_
nDafO{
@)
Rff}8fO{
!@
cuf8Lsf] pFrfO{
%
k5f8Lsf] pFrfO{
&=%
husf] pFrfO{
@=##

ufO{e}+;L uf]7sf] e"FO{ kSsL lgdf{0f ljlwM uf]7sf] eF"O{If]q kSsL, kfgLghDg], g;f]:g] / ;kmf ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] 9+uaf6lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf] nflu ;]d]G6, lu6L / afn'jfaf6 9nfg u/]/,jf O{6f, sf7 jf 9'Fuf 5kfP/ uf]7sf] e"O{ lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . ;s];Dd v'Nnf If]q / g;s] aGb If]q t clgjfo{ ?kdf ;]d]G6sf] kSsL agfpg' kb{5 .eF"O{ If]q kSsLubf{ e"FO glrlKng] tyf v;|f] vfnsf] agfpg'kb{5 . ;dfGotf uf]7sf] ;tx Ps km'6 hlt pFRrf] x'g' kb{5 . uf]7sf] e"FO{If]q lgdf{0f ubf{ lgsfztkm{ )=% b]lv ! k|ltzthlt le/fnf] agfP/ 9nfg ug'{ kb{5 .h:n] ubf{ ;kmf u/]sf] kfgL / lk;fj au]/ @) ;]=ld= rf}8f agfO{Psf] s'n];f]df hfG5 .






uf]7sf] 5fgf lgdf{0fM 5fgf alnof] l6sfpkfgLgr'lxg], aflx/L tfkqmdsf] 5]Sg] tyfcfsif{s x'g' kb{5 . 5fgf;Ddk/]sf] rfSnf] jf le/fnf] x'g' kb{5 . :yfg / df};d cg';f/ 5fgf !@ b]lv #% l8u|L;Dd le/fnf] x'g ;Sb5 . 5fgf v/ tyf @%–@^u]hsf] h:tfkftfsf]x'g' kb{5 .
kvf{n If]q / e]lG6n]zgM uf]7sf] kvf{n Psbd} dha'tcyf{t alnof] x'g' kb{5 . kvf{n agfpFbf O{6f jf 9'Fufaf6 !–!=% lkm6afSnf] kvf{n agfpg' kb{5 . le/fnf] 5fgf ePsf] uf]7df cUnf] efult/ kvf{nsf] pFrfO{ *=##lkm6/ an]gLlt/ % lkm6prfO{sf] kvf{n agfpg' kb{5 . kvf{n agfpg ;d:of eP h:tf kftfn] 3]/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . cUnf] kvf{nkl§ !=%lkm6sf] nDafO{ rf}8fO{sf] k"j{ blIf0f lt/ e]lG6n]zgsf]nflu ß\ofnagfpg' kb{5 .
dn /fVg] vf8nM k|ltlbg, k|ltufO{e}+;Laf6 $) b]lv $% lsnf];Dd uf]a/ k|fKt x'G5. uf]a/df ePsf] kf]ifstTjnfO{ arfpg, ldy]g UofF;sf] pT;h{g Go"g ug{ tyf b'u{Gw gcfpg lbg uf]a/ ;f]t/x?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ dn /fVg] vfN8f] uf]7 b]lvcln 6fF9f agfpg' kb{5 . vfN8f] !)–!#=##lkm6 nDafO{, !#=##–!^=^^lkm6rf}8fO{ / #=## lkm6ulx/fO{ ePsf] vGg\' kb{5 .k|lt 3g ld6/ vfN8f]df &)) b]lv !))) lsnf];Dd c6fpF5 .



lk;fjhDdf ug]{ 6+sL lgdf{0fM ufO{e}+;Lsf] clwsfF; lk;fj v]/ hfg] tyfcdf]lgofUofF; / gfO{6«; cS;fO{8n] kz':jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] ufO{j:t'sf] d"q ;+sngsf]nflu lk;fj 6+sL agfpg' kb{5 . uf]7sf] e"O{eGbf tn %) ;]=ld= nDafO{ rf}8fO{ / ulx/fO{sf] ;]d]G6sf] kSsL6+sL lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 jf %) ln6/sf] Knfli6ssf] 6+sL uf8\g' kb{5 . uf]7sf] e"FO{ agfpFbf cf]/fnf]kl§ * O{Grsf] agfO{Psf] s'n];f]df ! O{Gr df]6fO{sf] kfO{k nufO{ lk;fj 6+sLdf hf]8g' kb{5 . lk;fj 6+sLsf] d'v 5f]k]/ /fVg' kb{5 .
uf]7sf] 9f]sfM uf]7df ufO{e}+;Lsf] nflu 9f]sfcln km/flsnf] agfpg' kb{5 . 9f]sf 8'F8kl§ g/flv cf]/fnf] jf uf]7sf] dWoefult/ ^ lkm6cUnf] / $ lkm6km/flsnf]  sf7 / h:tf kftfsf] agfpg' kb{5 .
lgZsif{M hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ufO{j:t'sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf k|ToIf c;/ kf/L plrt nfe gePsf] cj:yfdf lbuf] s[lif tyf s[ifs k]zfnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg :yfgLo tx ufpFkflnsf / gu/ kflnsfn] ufO{j:t'sf] uf]7 ;'wf/df plrt /sd ljlgof]hg u/L ufpF3/ ;/;kmfO{sf ;fy} s[ifsx?sf] cfDbfgLdf a[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .