gLd
g]kfnsf] lxdfn afx]s k|foM ;a} 7fpFdf kfpg] Pp6f jg:ktL xf] . h;sf] dxTj /
pkof]lutf k/fk"j{sfn b]lv eO/fv]sf]] 5 . cfh klg gLdsf] pkof]lutf plQs}
k/]sf]] 5 h;sf] rrf{ lbg /ft ljZje/L dfq} eO/fv]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;a}] efu sf]
pkof]uLtf plQs} 5 . gLdsf] h/f, sf08, kft, km"n kmn / af]qmf ;a} xfd|f]
hLjgsf] s'g} g s'g} sfddf k|of]u eO{g} /fv]sf]5 . o;sf] k|of]u ;fgf ;fgf u/La
b]lv 7"nf7"nf snsf/vfgfn] klg ug{ yfn]sf] 5 .
gLd zAb ;+:s[t
efiffsf] gLDaf eGg] zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ xf] æ/f]uaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg'Æ .
gLdsf] slnnf] xfFufn] bfFt dfHbf pQd x'g] s'/f ;a{ljlbt} 5 . gLdsf] kft vfPdf
h'sf d5{ . o; afx]s sf u'0fx? x'g] ljleGg j}1flgs tyf /;fog zf:qLn] kQfnufPsf
5g . gLdaf6 !@& tTjx? kQf nufPsf 5g\ . h;sf] k|of]u w]/} lsl;dsf cf}iflw
tyf /;folgs kbfy{x? agfpg] sfddf u/LG5 .
gLdsf] k|To]s efusf] cf–cfkm\g} dxTj 5 .
sf7 M of] Pp6f /fd|f] lsl;dsf] OGwg xf] h'g bfp/fsf] ?kdf
k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] sf7af6 kmlg{r/, s[lifsf] cf}+hf/x?, 8'Ëf, uf8f / v]nf}gf
agfpg] sfddf k|of]u u/LG5 . o;af6 agfOPsf] ;fdfgdf ls/f / 9';L nfUb}g .
af]qmf M o;sf] /;af6 dn]/Lof h:tf] Hj/f] tyf
5fnfsf] /f]u lgsf] kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] /; lttf]x'g sf] sf/0f gLdljg, lglDal8g /
lgDaLlgg tTjx? ePsf] n] ubf{ xf] . lglDal8gn] Hj/f] tyf lrnfpg] vfnsf] 5fnfsf] /f]u
-PShLdf n'tf] bfb cflbnfO{_ l7s u5{ . af]qmf lk;fa aGb ePdf tyf ;'lGgPsf]
a]nfdf k|of]u u/LG5 . o;sf] /;sf] k|of]u ;'O{sf] ?kdf kz"x?sf] /Strfk 36fpg k|of]u u/LG5 . o;sf] /;
v/a'hfsf] df]Hofs efO/; /f]u l7s ug{ klg k|of]u u/LG5 .
h/fsf]] af]qmf M o;sf] k|of]u s'v'/fx?sf] k|f]6f]hf]cfaf6
x'g] /f]u df @% ld nL k|lt !)) u|fd zfl//Ls tf}nsf] b/n] lbgfn] /f]u lgsf] x'G5
. 5fnfsf] w]/} /f]ux? dWo] Pn/lhsdf klg o;sf]] k|of]u åf/f pkrf/ ul/G5 . o;df
9"l;sf] lj?4 sfd ug]{ Ifdtf w]/} 5 . h; af6 9';Laf6 x'g] /f]ux?sf] pkrf/
ul/G5 . of] 6\o'd/ /f]udf klg k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;sf] n:;faf6 w]/} 6f}lgsx?
agfO{G5 ;fy} /+u agfpg] sfddf klg k|of]u ul/G5 . h/fsf] af]qmf af6 /]zf pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 h; af6 8f]/L agfO{G5 . gLdsf] af]qmfsf] /;sf] k|of]uaf6 lhGhL/fO{l6;
tyf k]l/of]8f]G6fO{l6; eGg] /f]uaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . gLdsf] h/fsf] af]qmfdf kfO{g]
6}gLg sf] k|of]u kz'sf] 5fnfsf] /+u v}/f] kfg{ k|of]u ul/G5 . af]qmf / c?
h8Lj'6L ld;fP/ h08L; sf] pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
kft M
snLnf] kft b]lv k'/fgf] kft ;a} sf] cfÏgf] cfÏgf] dxTj 5 . snLnf] kft / dl/rsf] k|of]u af6 cfGb|fsf] h'sf
dfg{ ;lsG5 eg] snLnf] kftnfO{ dfq kL+w]/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ k|of]u u/]df efO{/;af6 x'g] ljkm/af6 dflg; / s'v'/fx?sf] k|lt/f]wfTds
Ifdtfsf] sfd u5{ . o; afx]s gLdsf] kftdf sn]hf] sf] /Iff ug]{ tTj ;fy} kft /
kfgLsf] ld>0faf6 cN;/ / Uofl:6«s sf] ;d:of af6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 .
gLdn]
/f]u l;t n8g] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; zl//nfO{ k|bfg u5{ . gLdsf] kft tLg rf/ j6f b}gLs
rjfP/ vfgfn] zl//df hf]; hfFu/ NofpF5 . o;n] dfgl;s tgfj af6 d'Qm u5{ ;fy}
zl//sf] ef}lts cg's'ntf ldnfpF5 . olb z'?df SofG;/sf] pkrf/ gLdn] u¥of] eg]
lgsf]x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . gLdsf] kft /ut ;kmf ug]{ sfddf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .
h:n] cflS;hg k"lt{ ug]{ Ifdtf -/ftf] /Qm sf]if / lxdf]Unf]ljgsf]
;+Vof a9fP/_ k|bfg u5{ . o;n] /utsf]
k/lhlj, sn]hf] sf] k/lhlj tyf c? ;"Id ls6fF0f' sf] cfs|d0f af6 arfpF5 .
/utsf] c? tTjx?nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug]{ sfd u5{ . kftnfO{ kfgLdf pdfn]/ 3fp ;kmf ug{ /
5fnfsf] /f]u lgsf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] kft /Qm cNktf, h08L;, sdhf]/L tyf
Xbo /f]uLnfO{ vfg ;Nnfx lbO{G5 .
km'n M gLdsf]
km'n rflx df3 kmfNu'0fdf gofF kft;+u} cfpF5 . o;sf] km"ndf g]S6/ -;+ulGwt
kbfy{_ w]/} dfqfdf x'G5 . h'g dfx'/L af6 dx agfpg d2t ldN5 . k|foM blIf0f
ef/tdf ;'s]sf] km'n l;w} jf ;'k agfP/ jf e'6]/ vfg] u/]sf] w]/} rfF8 kj{x?df
kfO{G5 . o;sf] k|of]u l8:k]K;Lof tyf sdhf]/Ldf ul/G5 . o;df kfpg] :6]/f]n tyf
cfjZos t]nsf] k|of]u w]/} /;folgs tTj tyf cf}iflw agfpg] sfddf ul/G5 .
kmn tyf ljp M
o;sf] kmndf h]8'ldg, Phfl8/f]d tyf gLDjLof]n kfpF5 . h]8'ldgn] dn]l/of tyf
gLDjLof]nn] Hj/f] l7s kfb{5 . gLdsf] t]nn] hf]gL{sf] /f]unfO{ l7s u5{ tyf xft
v'§fdf nufP/ ;'Tbf nfdv'§] n] 6f]Sb}g . o;sf] t]n 5gf{n] l´+uf cfpFb}g . afnL
lj?jfdf o;sf] t]n kfgL / ;km{ ld;fP/ 5gf{n] ls/f af6 x'g] gf]S;fgL af6 arfpg
;lsG5 . gLdsf] ljpsf] /; k|of]u gkF+;Stf x6fpg d';f tyf af+b/df ;kmn kl/If0f ul/Psf]
5 . cfh s[lifsf] nflu gLd ctLg} k|l;4 ePsf] 5 . af]6 lj?jfdf 5g]{ laiffbLsf]
;§f gLdsf] ljpsf] vf]:6f sf] /; sf] k|of]u ;'? ePsf] 5 . laiffbLn] s}of}+
dflg;x? tyf kz'x?nfO{ /f]uL tyf Hofg ;d]t lng
sf ;fy} jftfj/0f nfO{ ;d]t b'lift kf5{ . h'g ;+;f/sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of
ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ h}ljs v]tL ug]{ Pp6f gf/f 5 h;af6 ;a}sf] lxt x'G5
. laiffbLn] s}of}+ ldq lhjnfO{ df/]/ jftfj/0fnfO{ c;Gt'ng kf5{ tyf ls/fx?nfO{
laiffbL;+u cj/f]wL agfO{ ljiffbLsf]
k|efj Go"gLs/0ful/Psf] b]lvG5 .
gLdsf] ljpsf] vf]:6fsf] /; agfpg]
tl/sfM ;aeGbf klxn] gLdsf] kmn hDdf ug]{ / ljpnfO{ rf/ 306f ;Dd
3fddf ;'sfO{G5 . To;nfO{ sk8f of h'6sf] ´f]nfdf /fv]/ e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfjZos k/]sf] j]nfdf $) u|fd -Ps d'7L_ lnP/ s'6]/ ;;fgf 6'qmf kfl/G5 . Tof]
6'qmfnfO{ j]n'sf Ps nL6/ kfgLdf /fte/L /flvG5, cgL ef]nL kN6 ljxfg} To;nfO{
s'g} hfnLn] 5fg]/ ;km{ ;+u ld;fP/ :k|o/] 6+lsdf /flv afnL lj?jfdf ls/fx? lj?4
5l/G5 . o:n] ls/fnfO{ eufpF5 jf af]6 lj?jfsf] kft vfg] c?rL a9fpF5 tyf
ls/fx?sf] cj:yfdf ljs[tL NofpF5 . of] ;:tf], jftfj/0fnfO{ s'g} c;/ gkfg]{,
dfG5] kz' tyf ldq lhjnfO{ gdfg]{ jfg:ktLs laiffbL xf] . 5fg]/ afFsL efunfO{
v]tdf sDkf]i6 dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . gLdsf] ljp af6 t]n lgsfn]kl5 kLgfnfO{
klg dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . h:n] lj?jfnfO{ w]/} kf]ifs tTj lbg'sf] ;fy} /f]u
nfUg af6 arfp5 . h:t} M efO{/n, 9';Lhgs, h'sfaf6 x'g] /f]ux? tyf lhjf0f'af6 x'g] /f]ux? .
cfhef]nL gLdnfO{ æO{sf]km]G8nL
k]l:6;fO{8, d]l8l;g, jy{ sG6«f]n lkN; / O{sf]nflhsn j]NyÆ klg eGg] ub{5g\ . xfdLx?n]
cfly{s kof{j/l0fo / hg:jf:Yosf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ xf] eg] gLd xfd|f] hLjgsf]
dxTjk'0f{ jg:ktL xf] . h;nfO{ xfdLx?n] cfh b]lvg} vfnL sfd gnfUg] hUuf, ;8ssf] lsgf/f,
v]tsf] 8\ofª, rf}/, au}+rfsf] rf/}lt/, 3/ tyf :s'nsf] rf/}lt/ nfufP/ kmfO{bf
p7fpg ;Sb5f} .
s]xL gLddf cfwfl/t jg:ktLs laiffbLx?
v km/r'g Phf v 6«fO{gLd
v /Ifs v jfof]gLd
v gLd]S; v cr's
v dfuf]{;fg v dlN6gLd
oL ljiffwLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft ;fy t/sf/L kmnkm"n
pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
>Leujft 7fs'/
s[lif lj1
o"Pg8LkL, Pn cf/ kL
hgsk'/
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