Landless community turned vegetable owner

lgd'vf] gf;s], aGof] t/sf/L dflns

sl/a tLg, rf/ bzs klxn] uf; / af;sf] vf]lh ub}{ xfdL af/f  lhNnfsf] lghu9 gkf, j8f g+= $ sf] 5]pdf cfO{k'UUof}+ . xfdL cfP/ a:g ;'?jft eP kZrft xfdLnfO{ gfdfs/0f eof], rf/ 3/] ;'s'Djf;L a:tL eg]/ . xfd|f] a;fO{sf] s]xL bzs kZrft gu/kflnsfn] clt ljkGgnfO{ ;d]6]/ gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb| u7g ul/ ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] / gful/s clwsf/ tyf  ;/f]sf/sf ;jfndf gful/snfO{ ;zSt agfpg] gLlt lnP/ tTsflng lghu9 uflj;sf] j8f g+= # df /x]sf] xfd|f] a:tLnfO{ ;d]6]/ la=;+= @)^* ;fndf gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb| u7g u¥of] . #) hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf] o; ;r]tgf s]Gb|df % hgf k'?ifx? ;d]tn] xft]dfnf] ug'{ePsf] 5 .

xfdL ;r]tgf s]Gb|sf ;b:ox?n] gful/s xs, clwsf/ tyf st{Aosf laifodf l;ls;s] kZrft cfo cfh{gsf] ljifodf k|a]z u/]sf lyof} . ca, s;/L xfdL;Fu /x]sf] ;DklQ kl/rfng u/]/ xfdLn] cfo cfh{g ul/ @, $ k};f sdfpg ;S5f}+ eGg]af/] ld;n] -;fdflhs kl/rfns_ 5nkmn rnfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ToxL d];f]df xfdLn] lhjLsf]kfh{gsf] nflu cg'bfg eg]/ gu/kflnsfaf6 ? ! nfv kfof}+ . xfdLnfO{ t 9'ª\uf vf]Hbf b]ptf ldn] h:tf] eof], gf;s]sf ;+of]hs a}h' kf}8]nn] eGg'eof] . 

gu/kflnsfn] gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|sf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfo cfh{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug]vfnsf ;fgf k"jf{wf/ agfpg eg]/ @)&! a};fvdf ? # nfv !% xhf/ ?k}of lbg] eg]/ hfgsf/L u/fPkl5t xfdL v';Ln] e'O{d} 6]Sg 5f]8]sf lyof} . xfdL h:tf lk5l8Psf / lgd'vfsf] lbg klg cfpbf] /x]5 eg]/ xfdL xif{n] plk|mof} . ;fgf k"jf{wf/sf] /sd s]df, s;/L ;b'kof]u ug]{ eGg]af/] xfdL ;a}hgf a;]/ 5nkmn u¥of}+ . cGtt, xfdLn] ;fd'lxs t/sf/L v]lt ug]{ / To;sf] nflu hUuf ef8fdf lng], kDk;]6 / xft] 6\ofS6/ lsGg] lg0f{o u¥of}, ;b:o ;/:jtL kf}8]nn] eGg'eof] .

s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|df ;Dks{ u/]/, xfd|f] o; 7fFpdf s'g s'g hftsf t/sf/L, slxn], slxn] nufpbf pko'St x'G5 . s[lifaf6 s] s:tf ;]jf ;'lawf kfO{G5 eg]/ a'em\of} . s[ifLs} ;Nnfxdf sf7df08f} uP/ xft] 6\ofS6/ Nofof}+ . cgL ;a} ldn]/ % s6\7fdf t/sf/L nufof} . klxnf]afnLsf] ?kdf cfn', sfpnL, aGbf / uf]ne]8f nufPsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] ljgf laiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/ cuf{lgs ?kdf t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg u/]sf] s'/f ;a}lt/ km}nfPsf 5f} . clxn], aGbf ? #), sfpnL ? $) / uf]ne]8f ? &) df k|lts]hL v]taf6} las|L u/]sf 5f} . of] l;hgdf dfq t/sf/Laf6 sl/a &% xhf/ hlt sdfO{G5 h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5, ;b:o OZj/L kf}8]nn] atfpg'eof] .

xfd|f] csf]{ cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t eg]sf], 6\ofS6/ xf] . xfdLn], ;b:ox?nfO{ k|lt 306f ? # ;o / aflx/sfnfO{ ? $ ;o k|lt 306fdf 6\ofS6/ rnfP/ ;]jf lbO{ z'Ns lnPsf 5f} . 6\ofS6/sf] b}lgs cfDbfgLn] 6\ofS6/nfO{ dd{t ug{ tyf o; kl5 csf{] 6\ofS6/ lsGg] k};f h'6g] b]lvG5 eg] s]xL /sd arfP/ sf]if klg agfpg] ;f]r 5 . of] ;fgf k"jf{wf/ / 3'DtLsf]ifsf] /sdn] t xfdLnfO{ wgL agfpnf h:tf] kf] eof] . clxn] t xfdL lgd'vfaf6 t/sf/L dflns kf] ePsf 5f} .

gf;s]sf ;b:ox?;Fusf] s'/fsfgL / lkmN8 cg'udgsf] cfwf/df

If]qLo ;dGjo OsfO{, x]6f}8faf6 tof/ ul/Psf] .

स्थानीय निकायमा योजना तर्जुमा सामाजिक सदभाव र नागरीक अनुगमन प्रशिक्षण र प्रभाज

:yfgLo lgsfodf of]hgf th{'df, ;fdfhLs ;b\efj / gfu/Ls cg'udg K|flzIf0f / K|fefj

b]zdf s]Gb| ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ :yfgLo :t/sf] 6f]n a:tLaf6  cfjZostf klxrfg, 5nkmn, k|fyldsLs/0f tyf :yfgLo >f]t ;fwg cg';f/ of]hgf tof/ tyf :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 :jLs[t of]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf :yfgLo :jfot zf;g P]g @)%% / lgodfjnL @)%^n] u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfo uflj;, g=kf= tyf lhlj;sf] of]hgf th"{dfsf nflu !$ r/0fsf] of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] Joj:yf ePtf klg ljutsf 4Gb, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts tyf ;f+:s[lts lje]b, :yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw lalxgtf, hgzlStsf] cefj tyf sdhf]/ Ifdtf, gful/ssf] pbflzgtf, :yfgLo lgsfosf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfefj dfgl;Stfsf] sdL cflb sf/0fn] oL k|lqmof s]xL jif{ otf lgoldt ?kdf, ;DaGwLt 7fpFdf, lgwf{l/t ;dodf, ljlwjt gx'g] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|g' :jefljs} xf] . kmn:j?k gful/ssf] ljz]ifu/L nlIft ju{M dlxnf, afnaflnsf, lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfon] ;/sf/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf / ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuLtf tyf k|ltlglwTjaf6 klg a+lrt x'g'sf ;fy} cfly{s clgoldttfdf a[l4sf] cj:yf ;d]t >[hgf ePsf] 5 . /fHo tyf gfu/Lssf] b'/L a9g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/ k|lt gful/ssf] ljZjf; klg sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw lalxg cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno dfkm{t k|To]s j8fdf :yfgLo zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug{ gfu/Ls s]lGb|t ;+:yf j8f gfu/Ls d+r tyf uflj; tyf gkfsf j8fx?df u/Lla Go"gLs/0f ug{ gfu/Ls ;r]tgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/LPsf] 5 . a:tL :t/sf] of]hgf ;d]6\gsf nflu oL ;+/rgfx?sf] cfwf/ dfgL of]hgf lgdf{0f, k|fydLlss/0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg ug{ p2]Zo eP klg ;f] cg'?k :yfgLo lgsfodf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . b]zdf nlIft ju{sf] ah]6 ;d]t cGo If]qdf, ljsf; ah]6sf] ljlQo clgoldttf ;'Gg' b]Vg' k/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ifb x'g] 7fpFdf geO{ cGoq x'g], kl/ifbdf lg0f{o Ps yf]s sfd cs]{f, slt ko cj:yfdf kl/ifbsf] lg0f{o km]g{' k/]sf] t slt cj:yfdf ;lrj, x'g] vfg] au{ / s]xL /fhg}lts bnsf JolQmn] ah]6 dfl;Psf], 7'nf] /sd k]ZsL /x]sf] / 7'nf] ah]6 km|Lh x'g] klg w]/} 7fpFdf ;'Gg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ut cf= j= df s'n ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] hDdf #) k|ltzt dfq vr{ ePsf] lttf] oyfy{ 5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;]jf k|jfxdf sdL jf ckf/bzL{ tyf gfu/Ls klg ;]jf af/] cgle1tfsf] sf/0f ljutdf ljsf;sf] ultdf lzlyntf cfPsf]n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf lgliqmotf eO{ gfu/Lssf] ;xefuLtf 36g' :jfefljs xf] . cGtM Go'gtd zt{ dfkgdf c;kmn eO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf k|Zgjfrs lrGx v8f ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cf/De u/]]sf /fli6«o cleofgsf ljifox? K|flt klg u|fdL0f e]ssf hgtf ;+a]bgzLntf tyf tbf?stf la/n} b]vfPsf] kfO{G5 .

oL ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ x[bof+ud u/L dGqfno dfkm{t ;g @))* b]lv ;+rfngdf /x]sf] :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo lgsfosf gfu/Ls ;+:yf j8f gfu/Ls d+r tyf gfu/Ls ;r]tgf s]Gb| Pj+ PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltsf ;lqmo /fhg}lts bnsf ;b:ox? Pj+ ;fdfhLs kl/rfns / uflj; gkf j8f ;lrj u/L $@ nfO{ # ltg] :yfgLo :t/sf of]hgf th'{df, ;fdflhs ;b\efj tyf gful/s cg'udg ;DaGwL tfnLddfkm{t t/fO{ / s]xL kxf8sf lhNnfsf uflj; tyf g=kf= df ;r]tgf km}nfpg] ljZjf; lnO{Psf] 5 .

pQm tfnLd gfu/Ls ;r]tgf s]Gb|, j8f gfu/Ls d+r / uf=lj=;= g=kf= sf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] cj:yf ;'wf/sf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{, :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg / To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu rflnPsf /fli6«o cleofgnfO{ :yfgLo :t/sf] of]hgfdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, cfof]hgf 5gf}6, juL{s/0f / k|fyldsLs/0f u/L To;sf] sfof{Gojogdf of]ubfg k'of{pg  tyf gful/s cg'udgdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg] h:tf p2]Zox? /flvPsf] lyof] . tfnLd :yfgLo k|lzIfsåf/f :yfgLo efiffdf tyf :yfgLo pbfx/0fåf/f, :yfgLo rLhaLh k|of]u u/L ;xeflutfTds k|lqmofdf ;DaGwLt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtLsf] cfof]hsTjdf sflt{ssf] !$ ut] b]lv kf}if @ ut];Dd ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .

tLg lbg;Dd rNg] tfnLdsf ljifoj:t'x?df Uff=lj=;, gf;s] tyf jgfdsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f, cGo ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfx?af6 pknAwx'g] ;]jf ;'lawfx? -s[lif, kz', jg, :jf:Yo rf}sL, k|x/L rf}sL, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:Yff, cflbaf6 lbO{g] ;]jfx?_ ,ufpF ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;dGjo ;ldlt, :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf ljleGg s'k|yf, s'l/tL, s';+:sf/, n}lus lx+;f, tyf e]befjhGo ;fdflhs rngx?sf] cGTosf nflu :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] e'lds, jfn d}qL :yfgLo zf;g, -afn e]nf ;lxt_, jftfj/0f d}qL :yfgLo zf;g ,(n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, :jf:Yotyf ;/;kmfO{ -v'nflb;fd'St_, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, cfof]hgf klxrfgsf cfwf/x?, of]hgf th'{df / cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f, juL{s/0f -nlIft ;d'x s]Gb|Lt sfo{s|d;lxt_, ;xefuLtfTds of]hgf th'{dfsf !$ r/0fdWo] * r/0f, of]hgf sfof{Gjog ,of]hgfsf] cg'udg, k|ltj]bg, of]hgfsf]  ;fj{hlgsLs/0f,  h:tf ljifox? ;3g?kdf ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . ;fy} gful/s cg'udg, uflj; tyf :yfgLo :t/sf ;]jfk|bfos ;F:yfsf sfdsjf{xL / ljsf; lgdf{0fdf k|efjsf/L gful/s ;+nUgtf / lgu/fgL -;fj{hlgs kl/If0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fdflhs kl/If0f klg ;xhLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . tfnLd cGtdf k|To]s ;+/rgfx?sf] cfkm cfkm\gf] sfo{of]hgf, jgfdsf] clxn] b]lv c;f/ d;fGt ;Ddsf] sfo{of]hgfsf] Sofn]08/ tof/ kfg]{, eljiodf ul/g] sfo{x? ;d]6LPsf] k|lta4tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t u/fOPsf] lyof] . tfnLddf Jffrg, ;d'x 5nkmn, cGtlqmof, dfs/fsf] hfnf] ljlw, kfj/ afs, 9'+uf bfgfaf6 of]hgf k|fyldlss/0f, k|lta4tf kq, sfo{ of]hgf tof/L, vr{ /sd kf/blz{tf, ;xefuLtfTds k|lqmofnfO{ ljif]z k|d'vtf lbPsf] lyof] .

If]lqo ;dGjo O{sfO{, x]6f}8fsf] !) lhNnfx? dWo] k;f{, af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL / dxf]Q/L lhNnfx?sf hDdf    $@%j6f uflj;x?, #! j6f g=kf=sf j8fx? u/L hDdf $%^ j6f tfnLd &* hgf :yfgLo k|lzIfsx?åf/f xfn} ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;f] tfnLdaf6 tL lhNnfx?sf s/La !*,@%) hgf eGbf a9L ;xefuLx? dWo] %)Ü hlt dlxnf, @)–#)Ü lk5l8Psf] au{af6 nfefGjLt ePsf 5g\ . k|To]s tfnLddf ;xefuL ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ?= %$,))) ;Dd vlr{Psf] lyof] . o;jf6 cg]sf} kmfObfx? dWo] kf}if d;fGt leq :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ifb :yfgLo :yfgdf 7'nf] ;xefuLdf ;DkGg, sDtLdf *) Ü j8f gfu/Ls d+rsf] tyf k"0f{ nlIft au{sf] of]hgf kl/ifbaf6 kfl/t, ljlgof]lht /sdsf] 7"nf] /sd :yfgLo lgsfodf ljlwjt vr{, ;+alGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ltgsf clwsf+; uflj; / gkf=x? Go'gtd zt{ dfkgdf pQL0f{, kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0f x'g] cfzf lnPsf] 5 . tTsfn} slt 7fpFx?df ciff9 kl5 tfnLdsf] a]nf uf=lj=;= ;lrj / hgtfsf] e]6g] cj;/ tyf w]/} lbgsf] k]G8L+u JolQmut 36gf btf{ tyf l;kmfl/;, ljutsf ah]6sf]] cfo Joodf hfgsf/L, ;lrj;+u xKtfsf] @ lbg cfpg] afrf tyf lgoldt ;]jf k|jfx, v'Nnf lb;f d'St cleofgsf /}nL tyf JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf z'?cft, :yfgLo ljBfno tyf :jf:yo rf}sLdf ;]jfdf lta|tf, o; cf= j=sf] ah]6sf] of]hgf ;+rfng k|lqmofdf cf/De h:tf cg]sf} k|efjx? tfnLdaf6 ePsf] 5 .

qm=;=	lhNnf	tfnLd ;+Vof
!	Dfxf]Q/L	&^
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#	/f}tx6	(&
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s]xL uflj;df ;lrj gePsf] cj:yfdf, ;lrjsf] cg'kl:ylt tyf ut aif{sf] sfo{df kf/bzLtfdf sdL, ;fdfhLs kl/rfnssf]  sfo{ s'zn g/x]sf]n] tfnLddf w]/} k|Zgx? p7gfn] yf]/} ;d:yf cfPsf / /fhg}lts bnsf] sf/0fn] j8f gful/s d+r u7g x'g g;s]sf]n] tfnLd ;DkGg gePsf ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] lyof] . ufpFdf w]/} ;do b]lv s'g} ;ef sfo{qmd gePsf]n] ufpFsf w]/}n] tfnLdf cfpg] k|of; klg u/]/ xNsf ;d:of k/]sf] lyof] .

oL ;d:ofx? Gfcfpg tyf ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug{ lhlj;af6 :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lx?, sfo{qmd clws[tx?, kqsf/x?, g=kf=sf sfo{sf/L clws[t, zx/L zf;g lj1, If]lqo ;dGjo OsfO, x]6f}8f, dGqfno tyf sfo{qmd ;dGjo OsfO{ sf7df8f}af6 ;d]t cg'udg ePsf] lyof] .

 ? >Leujfg 7fs'/, uf}/

shreebhagavanthalkur@gmail.com

परवल खेती प्रविधि

k/jn v]tL

kl/roM

k/jn Ps ax'jlif{o nx/] afnL xf] . o;df k|f]6Lg, le6fdLg P / ;L, SofN;Lod, kmf:kmf]/; / kmnfdsf] dfqf cTolws x'G5 . of] afnL km;L{ kl/jf/ leq k5{ . o;sf] pTklQ a+ufn / c;fddf ePs]f dflgG5 . k/jn d'6' / lbdfusf /f]uLx?sf] nfuL w]/} pkof]uL xf] . of] ;lhn} ;+u kRg] c? t/sf/Lsf] t'ngfdf kf]i6Ls / :jflbnf] ePsf]n] t/sf/Lsf] /fhf klg elgG5 . of] Ps k6s nufpkl5 $÷% jif{ ;Dd kmn lbG5 . of] d'Vot M ju/ tyf anf}6] bf]d6 df6f]df v]tL ul/G5 .

xfjfkfgL M

        o;sf] nfuL k|;:t jiff{ x'g] / udL{ tyf cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL kfOg] t/fO{ / leqL dw]zdf v]tL ul/G5 . o;sf] af]6 z/b / a;Gt Ct'df ;';'Kt cj:yfdf /x] klg tfkqmd a9g yfn] kl5 knfpg yfN5 .

df6f]

        kfgL ghDg], a'/a'/fpbf] anf}6] / bf]d6 t/ k|;:t dfqfdf k|f+ul/s kbfy{ ePsf] ;se/ cUnf] 7fp+ v]tLsf] nfuL pko'Qm dflgG5 .

jfg:klts ljj/0f

        o;sf] efn] / kf]yL km"n ;lxtsf 5'§f5'§} cnu cnu af]6x? x'G5g\ . /fd|f] afnL pTkfbgsf nfuL Ps Kn6df !)–!%Ü efn] af]6 cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf] km'n /ftsf] ljxfgL kv cyjf pHofnf] x'g] ;dodf km"N5  / ^–!@ ah] ;Dddf k/fu ;]rg ;DkGg x'G5 .

hftx?

        o;sf g]kfndf l;kmfl/; ePsf hftx? geP klg ef/tsf k|rlnt hftx?df km}bfjfb k/jn !, km}hfjfb k/jn #, km}hfjfb k/jn $ / km}hfjfb k/jn % /x]sf 5g\ .

hldgsf] tof/L / dnvfb

        hldgnfO{ r}q, a}zfvdf /fd|/L vghf]t u/L klxnf] jif{df # M@M@ ls=u|f= gfO6«f]hg, kmf:kmf]/; / kf]6f; k|of]u ug'{ k5{ ;fy} %)) ls=u|f= sDkf]i6 dn cfjZos k5{ .

        lj?jf ;fg{ vf8n tof/ ubf{ k|lt vf8n %÷% u|f= gfO6«f]hg, kmf:kmf]/; / kf]6f; / @ ls=u|f= sDkf]i6 dn /fd|/L ld;fpg' k5{ . bf];|f] jif{ b]lv sflt{sdf uf]8d]n kZrft !) u|f= o'l/of / @ ls=u|f= uf]7]dn k|lt vf8n lbg' k5{ . vf8n vGbf ! lkm6 nDafO{, rf}8fO tyf ulx/fO{sf] vf8n vGg' k5{ .

nufpg] ;do M

        o;sf] ljp df3 b]lv a}zfv ;Dd /f]k]/ lj?jf pdf{g ;lsG5 . nx/f sf6]/ snld ;fg]{ xf] eg] ebf}+ b]lv sflt{s ;Dddf ;fl/ ;Sg' k5{ . k'/fgf] /fd|f] kmn nfUg] :j:R5 lj?jfaf6 snld u/]/ o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 .

       

ljp b/ M

        ^)) u|f= ljp k|lt s¶f / !%)–@))– nx/f k|lt s¶f rflxG5 . snld nx/fsf] nDafO{ %) ;]=dL= x'g'k5{ / uf]nf] cfsf/df agfpg' k5{ .   

lj?jf nufpg] tl/sf M

        -s_ vfN6f] vg]/

        -v_ gfnf cyjf s'n];f] vg]/

uf]nfsf/ agfPsf nx/fx?sf] b'a} 6'Kkf]x? df6f]sf] ;Dks{df NofO{ b'O{ ltxfO{ efu df6f] leq kg]{ ul/ ufl8G5 . o;/L /f]lkPsf nx/fdf s]xL lbg kl5 b]lv h/f tyf hldg dfyL /x]sf efuaf6 gofF 6';fx? knfpg yfN5g\ . pko'Qm jftfj/0f ldNgf ;fy a9g yfN5 . k+QmL b]vL k+QmL @ dL= tyf af]6 b]vL af]6 ! dL= vfN6f] jf s'n];f]df nx/fx? /f]Kg' k5{ .

l;rfO{ / uf]8d]n

        o;nfO{ Ps jif{df #÷$ k6s uf]8d]n ug'{ k5{ . l;rfO{sf] Joj:yf ePdf !)÷!% lbgsf] km/sdf kfgL lbg' k5{ . kfgL a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

sf65f6

        o;nfO{ sf65f6 gu/] ;fgf] / sd kmNg] x'G5 . To;}n] klxnf] jif{ sf65f6sf] cfjZostf kb}{g t/ kmn]sf] klxnf] jif{ d+;L/sf] bf;|f] xKtf b]vL sf65f6 ug'{ k5{ . e'O{ b]lv #)÷$) ;]=dL= ;Ddsf] k|d'v nx/fnfO{ 5f]8]/ afsL nx/fnfO{ sf6g' k5{ . To;}df kmfNu'0f b]vL k/jn kmNg z'? u5{ .

afnL ;+/If0f

        o;df d'VotM w'n] /f]u tyf vk6] ls/fsf] k|sf]k blvPdf lsgS;Ln ! u|f= / /f]u/ @ ld=ln=k|lt nL6/ kfgLsf] b/n] :k|]o/ ug'{ k5{ .

afnL l6Kg]

        kmfNu'0f b]vL h]i7 ;Dd pTkfbg lbG5 . $÷% lbgsf] km/sdf kmn l6Kg' kg]{ x'G5 . /fd|/L v]tL ul/of] eg] k|lt s¶f *–( SjL= pTkfbg x'G5 . bf;|f] / t];|f] jif{df pTkfbg a9L pTkfbg x'G5 .

cfDbfgL

        o;af6 k|lt s¶f ^–* xhf/ ;Dd cfDbfgL x'G5 .

VARIABILITY ON COMPONENT TRAITS OF POD YIELD, DROUGHT TOLERANCE AND LEAF SPOT DISEASE RESISTANCE OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA. L.)

;f/f+; (ABSTRACT)

gfdM >Leujfg 7fs'/                                            kl/ro kq g+=M R-2009-PLB-B-05 P

;]d]i6/ / gfdfs+g ldtLM k|yd ;g @))(                                      l8u|LM ljBf afl/lw

d'Vo ljifoM afnL k|hgg                                 ljefuM afnL k|hgg    

k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/ M 8f= ;"o{sfGt l3ld/]

/fli6««o t]n afnL cg';+wfg sfo{qmd, gjnk'/, ;nf{xLdf /}G8dfOH8 sDknL6 Ans 8LhfOgdf # /]KnLs]zgdf abfd -P/}rLh xfOkf]hLof Pn_ sf] sf];f pTkfbg tyf To;sf k'/s u'0fx?, ;'Vvf ;xgzLn tyf kftsf] yf]Kn] /f]u k|lt/f]wL u'0fx?df leGgtf cWoog ug{ ;g @)!) / @)!! sf] jif]{ df}zddf k/LIf0f ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . /fli6««o t]n afnL cg';+wfg sfo{qmd, gjnk'/, ;nf{xLaf6 :yfgLo hft aL $, a}b]xL, /fh>L tyf hoGtL ;lxt @% j6f hftx? k/LIf0fdf nufO{Psf] lyof] . ljleGg lsl;dsf u'0fx?sf] tYof+s /}g8d lx;fjn] % j6f k|lt Kn6sf b/n] lnO{ / cf};t lgsflnPsf] lyof] . pQm u'0fx? sDKo"6/df OG6«L u/L P; kL P; P; ;f]ˆ6j]o/af6 ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

pQm k/LIf0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf hftx?df cWoog ul/Psf u'0fx?df clwstd leGgtf kfO{Psf] lyof] . u'0ffTds leGgtf &% k|ltzt km"n km'Ng] lbg, kfSg] cjlw, af]6sf] prfO{, k|lt af]6 sf];f ;+Vof, bfgf k|lt sf];f, !)) bfgfsf] tf}n, sf];fsf] nDafO{, sf];fsf] rf}8fO{, bfgfsf] nDafO{, bfgfsf] rf}8fO{, z'4 bfgfsf] k|ltzt tyf 7f]; kl/kSj bfgf k|ltztdf kfO{Psf] lyof] . u'0ffTds Ifdtfsf] leGgtf ;a} u'0fx?df cf0f'a+lZfs Ifdtfsf] leGgtf eGbf s]xL a9L kfO{Psf] lyof] . Go'g jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] sf/0fn] !)) bfgfsf] tf}n pFRr cf0f'j+lzs cu|0fL -h]g]l6s P8efG;_ ;lxt a+zf0f'ut u'0f k|;f/0f tyf pFRr cf}zt k|ltztsf] cf0f'j+l;s cu|0fL -h]g]l6s P8efG; Ph k/;]G6 Pkm dLg _  b]vfPsf] 5 . kfSg] cjlwn] lglb{i6 pRr a+zf0f'ut u'0f k|;f/0f -x]l/6}laln6L_, Go"g cf0f'j+l;s cu|0fL tyf cf};t k|ltztdf cf0f'j+l;s cu|0fL k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

cfO{=;L= hL=eL= (*)*(, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL=(&!)), a}b]xL, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL=))$$) / aL $ df sf];fsf] pTkfbg clwstd;+u} ;'Vvf cj:yf ;xgzLn k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ctM oL hftx? l;ldt jiff{ x'g] If]qdf v]tL ug{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . oL hftx? ;'Vvf ;xg;Ln hftsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|hhg sfo{qmddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (!)&$, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= *$$&#, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (@!&#, aL $, /fh>L, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (!!)$ / cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (*)*( abfdsf hftx? ;sf]{:kf]/f kft yf]Kn] /f]usf] ;+qmd0f Go"g kfO{Psf] lyof] . t/  cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (!)&$, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (*)*(, cfO{ =;L= hL= eL= (@!&# / cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= **$&# n] clwstd sf];f pTkfbg;+u} Go"g ;sf]{:kf]/f kft yf]Kn] /f]u ;+qmd0f kfOof] . To:t} cfO{=;L= hL= eL= (!!)$, cfO{=;L= hL= eL= (@!&#, aL $ / cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (!)&$ clwstd 8fF7sf]  pTkfbg;+u} Go"g ;sf]{:kf]/f kft yf]Kn] /f]u ;+qmd0f /x]sf] lyof] . abfdsf hftx?df pNn]Vo leGgtf cWoogaf6 kfO{of], h'g abfdsf] hftLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf nflu dxTjk'0f{ 5 . of] cWoogaf6 abfdsf] kft yf]Kn] /f]u cj/f]wL jf ;xg;Ln hftsf] ljsf; cyjf 5gf}6 /f]usf] ;+qmd0fsf] :t/sf] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ l;kmfl/; ub{5 . of] Ps dfq k|b'if0faf6 jftfa/0fnfO{ arfp ug{ tyf pTkfbg nfut 36fpg Ps dfq k|efjsf/L ljlw x'g] 5 . ctM cWoog ul/Psf abfdsf hftx? dWo] ;sf]{:kf]/f kft yf]Kn] /f]u ;xg;Ln jf cj/f]wL u'0fk'/s k|d'Vf hftx? kfO{of] . sf];f pTkfbg kl/kSj x'g] cjlw 8fF7 pTkfbg;+u clwstd  pNn]Vo ;s/fTds ;+aGw /x]sf] 5 eg] sf];fsf] nDafO{ rflx l7s lsl;dsf] ;s/fTds ;+aGw /x]sf] b]lvof] .

sf];fsf] pTkfbg, t]nsf] dfqf / k|f]6Lgsf] dfqf cfO{=;L= hL= eL= (*)*(, cfO{=;L= hL= eL= (@!&#,/ cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= **$&#, cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (!)&$,cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= ))#%) / cfO{= ;L= hL= eL= (&!)) k|hftLx?df :yfgLo aL $ / HoGtL eGbf clwstd kfO{Psf] lyof] .

t]nsf] dfqf k|ltzt lglb{i6 kft If]qkmn / 7f]; kl/kSj bfgf k|ltzt;+u} pNn]Vo ;s/fTds ;+aGw /x]sf] 5 . ctM pko"St hft 5gf}6 ug]{ a]nf sf];f pTkfbgsf] nflu sf];fsf] nDafO{ tyf 8fF7sf] pTkfbgnfO{  tyf t]nsf] dfqfnfO{ vf; kft If]qkmn / 7f]; kl/kSj k|ltztnfO{ k|d'v dxTj lbg' kg]{ 5 . kfSg] cjlw h/fsf] nDafO{, sf];fsf] nDafO{, sf];fsf] rf}8fO{sf] sf];fsf] pTkfbgsf nflu k|ToIf ;s/fTs e"ldsf /x]sf] kfO{of] . sf];fsf] pTkfbg k|lt x]S6/sf] ;DaGw k|efjsf/Ltf kfSg] cjlw 7f]; bfgfsf] kl/kSjtf, sf];fsf] nDafO{, sf];fsf] prfO{, bfgfsf] nDafO{;+u pFRr pNn]Vo clwstd tyf ;s/fTds b]lvof] . km"n km'Ng] cjlw,  k|lt af]6 sf];f, 8fF7sf] pFrfO{, vf; bfgf k|ltzt, lglb{i6 kftsf] If]qkmn;+u pNn]Vo ?kdf pFRr tyf gs/fTds kfO{of] . s'n pTkfbgdf ljleGg u'0fx?sf] of]ubfg laefhg ubf{ kfSg] cjlw, h/fsf] nDafO{, sf];fsf] rf}8fO{, sf];fsf] nDafO{ / bfgfsf] nDafO{n] sf];fsf] pTkfbg k|lt x]S6/;+u k|ToIf ?kdf ;s/fTds kfOof] . To:t} km"n km'Ng] cjlw, 8fF7sf] pRrfO{, bfgf k|ltzt, 7f]; kl/kSj bfgf k|ltzt / !)) bfgf tf}n;+u k|ToIf ?kdf gs/fTds e"ldsf b]lvof] . ctM abfdsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu 5gf}6 ubf{ kfSg] cjlw, h/fsf] nDafO{, sf];fsf] rf}8fO{, sf];fsf] nDafO{, bfgfsf] nDafO{x?nfO{ k|d'v u'0fx?sf] ?kdf klxrfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

­­­­­­­­­­----------------------------­­­­­­­­­­­­­---------------- 8f= ;"o{sfGt l3ld/], ljBf jfl/lw k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/

----------------------------­­­­­­­­­­­­­----------------            >Leujfg 7fs'/                    N]fvs

VARIABILITY ON COMPONENT TRAITS OF POD YIELD, DROUGHT TOLERANCE AND LEAF SPOT DISEASE RESISTANCE OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA. L.)

ABSTRACT

Name: Shree Bhagavan Thakur                         Id. No.: R-2009-PLB-B-05 P

Semester & the year of admission: First 2009    Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

Major subject: Plant Breeding                           Department: Plant Breeding

Major advisor: Surya Kant Ghimire, Ph.D.

                         

The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications at National Oilseed Research Program (NORP), Nawalpur, Sarlahi "Genetic variability on component traits of pod yield, drought tolerance and leaf spot disease resistance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea. L.)" during rainy season 2010 and 2011.  Twenty five groundnut genotypes were collected from National Oilseed Research Program (NORP), Nawalpur, Sarlahi Nepal including local checks (B -4, Jayanti and Baidehi) and used for the study.  Observations were collected from randomly selected five plants from each plot and averaged. Data were computed and analyzed using SPSS software.

            Highly significant variations were observed for all the characters in all the genotypes. Higher phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed for days to 75% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods plant^-1, seed pod ^-1,  100 kernel weight, pod length, pod width, seed length, seed width, selling % and sound matured kernel %. Slightly higher phenotypic co-efficient of variation was observed for all the traits compare to genotypic co-efficient of variation indicating lesser effect of environment on the traits. The character 100 kernel weight showed high heritability with high genetic advance and high genetic advance in percentage of mean. Considerable high heritability, low genetic advance and genetic advances in percentage of mean were found for days to maturity.

The genotype ICGV-99171, ICGV-98089, ICGV-97100, Baidehi, ICGV-00440, and B-4 performed better under drought condition with high pod yield. Hence, it is suggested that these genotypes could be grown under regions of limited rainfall. These lines may be used as parents in breeding program for developing drought tolerant groundnut cultivars.

The results indicated that genotype ICGV-91074, ICGV-88473, ICGV-92173, B-4, Rajashri, ICGV-91104 and ICGV-98089 had lower level of Cercospora leaf spot disease incidence. Genotypes ICGV-91074, ICGV-98089, ICGV-92173 and ICGV-88473 produced higher pod yield and also had lower Cercospora leaf spot incidence. Genotypes ICGV-91104, ICGV-92173, B-4 and ICGV-91074 produced higher haulm yield and had the lower Cercospora leaf spot incidence. This study indicated that development or selection of tolerant/ resistant genotypes against leaf spot disease should be based on their level of disease incidence. Therefore, potential source of genetic resistance to this disease exist for selection among genotypes used in this study. Pod yield showed highly significant positive association with days to maturity, haulm yield and pod length. Significant positive correlation with oil percent was observed with SLA and SMK percent. Therefore, pod length and haulm yield are important traits for pod yield and SLA and SMK percent are important for oil percent. These traits should be considered while selecting for yield and oil content.

ICGV-98089, ICGV-92173, ICGV-88473, ICGV-91074, ICGV-00350, ICGV-97100 and ICGV-99171 were found higher pod yield, oil % and protein % compared to traditional genotype B-4 and Jayanti.

Days to maturity, root length, pod length and pod width showed direct and positive contribution to pod yield. The correlation co-efficient of the pod yield ha^-1 with days to maturity, SMK%, pod length, pod width and kernel length was highly significant and positive. The highly significant and negative association of the pod yield ha^-1 with days to flowering, pod plant^-1, shoots length, shelling percent and specific leaf area showed. Days to maturity, root length, pod width, pod length and kernel length made the individual high positive direct contribution to pod yield ha^-1 while partitioning component of the total yield. Days to flowering, shoot length, shelling percent, SMK percent and100 kernel weights showed direct negative contribution with pod yield ha^-1. Therefore, days to maturity, root length, pod width, pod length and kernel length were identified to be the important traits which could be used in selection for yield.

­­­­­­­­­­----------------------------­­­­­­­­­­­­­----------------      Surya Kant Ghimire, Ph.D.    Chairperson  Advisory Committee

­­­­­­­­­­----------------------------­­­­­­­­­­­­­----------------          Shree Bhagavan Thakur                     Author forestrynepal.org.np