s]/f v]tL dWod ls;fgsf] nflu
a/bfg
k[i7e'ld M
s]/f ;+;f/ s} k'/fgf kmnkm'nx? dWo] Ps
xf] / g]kfndf o;n] dxJtk"0f{ :yfg cf]u]6f]sf] 5 . g]kfndf pTkflbt
kmnkm'nx? dWo] s]/f dfq jif{ e/L pTkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} pkef]u ul/G5 . s]/fsf w]/}
:yfgLo hftx? k/fk'j{sfn b]lv g} v]tL ul/b}+ cfPsf] kfOG5 . pTkfbgsf lx;fan]
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf v]tLul/g] pi0f k|b]zLo kmnkm'nx?df s]/fsf] :yfg cu|0fL
/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k'j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd kxf8L
lhNnfx?sf j];L, / x]frf kxf8df klg s]/f v]tL ul/b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf
s]/fsf] s'n If]qkmn %)%% x]S6/ dWo] #^@& x]S6/ dfq pTkfbgzLn 5 eg] pTkfbg
%!%() d]=6g /x]sf] 5 . (Source: Statistic Information on Nepalese Agriculture.)
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ lhNnfx?df klxn] b]lv g} s]/f v]tL ul/b}
cfPsf] ePtf klg Joj;flos ?kdf s]/f v]tL sd} ePsf] kfOG5 . Joj;flos ?kdf s]/f
v]tL ug]{ k|z:t ;Defjgf x'Fbf x'b} klg ljleGg k|fljlws ;d:ofx?n] ubf{ s[ifsx?
o; tkm{ cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tL ;d:ofx?nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L b]xfocg';f/sf]
pTkfbg k|ljlw ckgfodf al9 eGbf al9 pTkfbg lng ;kmn x'g ;lsG5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f] M
kxf8L If]q -!%)) ld6/ prfO{
eGbf sd_ df jflif{s ;/b/ @)))–@%))ld=ld= jiff{ s]/fsf nfuL pok'Qm dflgG5 . s]/f
nufpFbf g} k;fpg] ;do lxpFb -hf8f] df};d_ 5lng] u/L nufpg' kb{5 . lr:ofgsf] ;d:of gePsf]
h'g;'s} df6f]df klg s]/fv]tL ug{ ;lsG5, t/ klg kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] / o; tkm{
cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf] 5}gg . tL ;d:ofx?nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L b]xfo cg';f/sf pTkfbg
k|ljlw ckgfPdf a9L eGbf a9L pTkfbg lng ;kmn x'g ;lsG5 .
hftx? M
:yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo hftx? cg]s ePtfklg
k;fpg nfUg] cjlw, af]6sf] prfFO{, kmn kfSg nfUg] cjlw, s]/f 3/Lsf] tf}n,
sfFluof]sf] ;+Vof / sf];fsf] ;+Vof cfbLsf] cfwf/df s]xL pGgt hftx?sf] j0f{g tn
tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
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km"n km"Ng] ;do
-lbgdf_
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Af]6sf] prfO -;]=dL=_
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sfOof]sf] ;+Vof
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sf]zfsf] ;+Vof
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3/Lsf] tf}n
-ls=u|f=_
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emfkfnL dfnef]u
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ljlnod xfOa|L8
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xl/5fn
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(
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dfnef]u -:yf=_
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388
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320
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%
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517
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216
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238
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s]/fn] udL{ tyf cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL dg
k/fpg] eP tf klg l;rfO{sf] ;'ljwf ePdf ;'Vvf 7fFpdf klg ;kmntf ;fy v]tL ug{
;lsG5 . !*–@&0c tfkqmd / lxpFbdf k|z:t 3fd
nfUg], t'iff/f] gkg]{ /fd|f] k|jGw ePsf] xNsf t/ k|z:t k|fËl/s dn ePsf] df6f]
pko'Qm x'G5 . yf]/} Iff/Lo df6f]df klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 hxfF cf]Olng]
/f]usf] k|sf]k sd x'g] x'G5 .
o;/L x]bf{ ;a} eGbf
/fd|f] hftx?df emfkfnL dfnef]u / ljlnod xfOa|]8 ePsf] kfOof] . oL hftx? rf8f]
km'Ng], kmNg], sf];f ;+Vof klg w]/} / sf];f klg 7"nf], kfs] kl5 kx]nf] /+u
x'g], ld7f] jf:gf, ;'ulGwt / kfs]kl5 klg w]/} lbg /fVg ;lsg] ePsf]n] s[ifsx?n]
;d]t oL hftx? dg k/fPsf 5g\ .
lj?jf ;fg]{ ;doM
;fwf/0ftof s]/f udL{ ;dodf ;fl/G5
tfklg n'Dn]df ul/Psf] cWoog kl/If0f cg';f/ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm s]/f ;fg]{ ;do r}q
dlxgf g} xf] . o;/L r}qdf ;fbf{ hf8f] ;do 5lnG5 / udL{ ;dodf g} s]/f k;fpg] /
ksfpg ;lsG5 . %–^ kft], #%–$) ;]=dL=cUnf] lj?jf ;a}eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 .
vf8nsf] tof/L
s]/f nufpg' eGbf ! dlxgf klxn] g} @x@ ld6/sf] km/sdf )=%x)=%x)=% ld6/sf] vf8n vGg'k5{ . vf8ndf !)–%
s]=hL=/fd|f] kfs]sf] uf]a/ dn %Ü sf] Snf]/f]l8g w'nf] %) u|fd ld;fP/ vf8n k'/L
/fVgkb{5 . o;/L nufpFbf ! /f]kgLdf !@% lj?jf nfUb5 . s]/f dfq gnufO{ ljrdf afnL
nufpg] xf] eg] lj?jf lj?jf larsf] b'/L @ ld= sfod u/L Ps nfOg b]lv csf]{
nfOgsf] b'/L @ ld=eGbf a9L hlt klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;/fsf] Joj:yfkg
Ps k6s ;f/]sf] af]6af6 k|z:t gofF
;/fx? lg:sG5g\ . ;/f b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g . kfgL ;/f -rf}8fkft / Psgf;sf] 8fF7
ePsf]_ / t/af]/ ;/f -kft t/af/ jf r/fsf] KjfFv h:tf] x'G5 .
/ 8fF7 km]b 7"nf] / dfyL
;fF3'l/b} uPsf]_ kfgL;/f tn} b]vL pv]n]/ kmfNg'k5{ / tf/af/ ;/f hdLgsf] ;txdf
^÷^ xKtfdf sfl6lbg'kb{5 . o;/L sf6\b} hfbfF cfufdL r}qdf Pp6f dfq t/af/]
;/fnfO{ a9\g lbO{ afFsL ;j} sf6]/ x6fpg] jf lgsfn]/ gofF lj?jfsf] ?kdf cGoq
;fg{ ;lsG5 . o;/L Pp6f dfq lj?jf a9g lbgfn] x/]s jif{ s]/f k;fpg] x'G5 / lj?jf
:j:Yo /xG5 .
n'Dn]n] u/]sf] cWoog kl/If0f cg';f/
ufFhdf w]/} ;/f -@jf ;f]eGbf a9L_ /fv]/
w]/} 3/L k;fpF5g\ / w]/} kmN5 eGg] ;f]rfO{ unt ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ! ufFhdf !÷! ;/f
dfq x's{g lb+bf 3/L 7'nf] x'g], sf];f 7'nf] / w]/} x'g], af]6 :j:Yo /xg'sf ;fy}
;/;kmfO{ ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
dnvfb
s]/fsf] a9L pTkfbg lngsf nflu
lgDgfg';f/sf] dfqf / ;dodf dnvfb lbg' k5{ .
dnvfb kmfu'g h]i7 ebf}+
8L=P=kL=-u|f=_ 80 80 80
o'/Lof -u|f=_ 186 186
186
Do'=ckm=kf]6f;-u|f=_ 167 167
167
uf]j/dn-s]=hL=_ 15 10
10
lj?jfsf] x]/rfx M
lj?jf nufPkl5 pknAw eP;Dd l;rfO{ ug'{k5{ . ljz]ifu/L dn
lb+bf / udL{, ;'Vvf ofddf l;+rfO{ clt cfjZosx'G5 . s]/f au}+rf ;/;kmfO{ clgjfo{
x'G5 . ;'s]sf] s]/fsf] kft / hdLgdf pd|]sf] emf/kft ;do ;dodf x6fpg' kb{5 .
ujf/f] ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ ;/;kmfO{ g}
k|d'v pkfo xf] / ;/;kmfO{n] /f]u ls/f lgoGq0fsf ;fy} lj?jf :j:Yo eO{ w]/} kmNb5
. jiff{ z'? x'g' cufj} kfgL hDg glbg af]6sf] jl/kl/ df6f]sf] ps]/f lbg'kb{5 /
lxpFbdf ps]/f x6fP/ l;of] -Furrow_ agfpg'
kb{5 / w]/} kmNg] s]/f a9L tf}nsf] sf/0fn] 9Ng ;Sg] x'bfF k;fpg] ljlQs} 6]sf
lbg'kb{5 . s]/f au}+rfdf 5f]6f] cjlwdf kfSg] t/sf/L afnLx? sf];]jfnL cfbL
cGt/jfnLsf] ?kdf klg nufpg ;lsG5 .
s]/fdf nfUg] d'Vo /f]u tyf ls/fx?
!= s]/fsf] nfxL ls/f Mof] ls/fn] s]/f au}+rfdf k|ToIf gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg' eGbf ck|ToIf ?kdf
w]/} gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5 . s]/fsf] 6'Kkfdf kft em'Kk/ x'g] -Bunchy Top_ /f]u ;fg{ o;n]
d4t ub{5 . o;n] lgoGq0fsf nflu dfnflyog jf d]6fl;:oS; sL6gfzs ljiffbL 5g'{kb{5
.
@= ujf/f] ls/f M
s]/fsf] yfd / ufgf]df Kjfn b]lvG5 /
slxn] sfxL 8f7Faf6 /; lg:s]sf] b]lvG5 . 3/L k;fP kl5 yflgg g;s]/ af]6 x'Nb5 .
/f]syfdsf nflu ;a} eGbf pko'Qm pkfo ;/;kmfO{ g} xf] . ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{
Snf]/f]kfO/Lkmf; -Chloropyriphos_ sf] %Ü w'nf] @=* u|fd k|lt af]6sf
b/n] ^÷^ dlxgfdf k|of]u ubf{ ujf/f] lgoGq0f x'G5 .
#= cf]Olng] /f]u M
of] /f]u ˆo'hfl/o eGg] 9';Ln] nfUb5
kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; gePsf] / df6f]sf] tfkqmd a9L ePsf] 7fFpdf o;n] a9L cfqmd0f
ub{5 . af]6sf] tnsf kftx? kt]lnP/ eflrG5g\ / gx'G5g\ . lgoGq0fsf nflu /f]uL
af]6 pv]n]/ kfNg] / /f]u ;xg ;Sg] hftx? nufpg] .
$= 6'Kkfdf kft 6'Kkf x'g] /f]u-Chloropy riphos_ M
of] /f]u efO/;af6 nfUb5 . of] /f]u nfu]df kftx?
Ps} 7fFpdf u'hu'Gh x'g] / af]6 ga9g] x'G5 . lgoGq0fsf nflu au}rf / ;w}+ ;kmf /fVg], /f]u ;fg]{ nfxL ls/f lgoGq0f ug{
d]6fl;:6fS; )=!Ü emf]n 5g]{ / /f]uL af]6 kmb}af6 lgsfn]/ x6fpg] .
%= kftsf] yf]Kn] /f]u -Leaf spot_
of] /f]u Ps k|sf/sf] 9';Laf6 nfUb5 .
of] /f]u nfUbf kftsf] tNnf] ;txdf kx]nf] /+usf wAafx? b]lvG5g\ . /f]u nfu]kl5
vfgf agfpg] k|lqmof -Photosythesis_ df lzlyntf cfO{ sf];f ;fgf / yf]/} kmNg] x'G5g\ . s]/f au}+rfdf
a9L tfkqmd -@$–#)0_ / ;fk]lIft cfb|tf (*Ü 5 rg] /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . xf]rf
hftx?df o;sf] c;/ a9L x'g] x'gfn] s]/f nufpFbf g} hft 5gf}6 ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu /f]uL kft x6fpg], au}+rfsf] /fd|f] ;/;kmfO{ / kfgLsf]
lgsf; /fd|f] ;+u ug]{ ;fy} lj?jf nufpFbf afSnf] u/L gnufpg] .
t;y{ xfdLn]
3/jl/kl/, vfnL hUUff, lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs hUuf, ;8s 5]p5fp, le/fn]f hUUff, d7
d+lb/, :s"n, dbzf{, Obufx, c:d;f3f6, gx/ lsgf/, au}rfsf] jl/kl/, ag leq
s]/f nufP/ hnafo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 jftfj/0f hf]ufpg'sf ;fy} vfB, kf]if0f tyf
cfly{s ;'/Iffdf ;xof]u k'/ofcf}+ .
>L eujfg 7fs'/
s[lif lj1
o"=Pg=8L=kL=,
Pn cf/ kL, dxf]t/L
